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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Morphine |
synthesized by Papaver also synthesized in mammals (like you!) •specific roles unclear in mammals Exogenous opioids are all morphinans •except methadone, a synthetic opioid agonist potent mu-opioid receptor agonist •inhibit GABA release •disinhibit dopamine release |
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Papaver somniferum opium poppy |
opium (fruit exudate) •morphine, codeine |
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Codeine |
5-10% demethylated to morphine in vivo |
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Heroin |
semi-synthetic, acetylated morphine •rapidly metabolized to 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) in blood •and further to morphine by serum esterases and liver carboxylesterases |
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Mitragyna speciosa kratom |
agonist of mu-opioid receptor •& other opioid receptors •7-hydroxymitragynine most potent •analgesic addictive potential •rats showing conditioned place preference •preference for place associated with drug source contrast with Salvia divinorum |
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Ethanol: drinking alcohol |
made from yeast fermentation of plant sugars wine: Vitis (grapes beer: Hordeum (barley) + Humulus (hops cider: Malus (apples) liquor: distillation of fermentation products |
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Ethanol: drinking alcohol 2 |
increases Cl- import at GABAA ion channels •hyperpolarization •inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) •NMDA is glutamate-activated and allows to Na+ /Ca2+ diffuse in •ethanol indirectly causes agonist activity at MOR & DOR, resulting in mesolimbic DA release •MOR antagonist (naloxone) is a common treatment for alcoholism |
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Piper methysticum kava-kava |
kavalactones enhances GABAA activity •yangonin also shown to be weak agonist of CB1 receptor |
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Calea ternifolia zacatechichi |
more dreams reported •slowed reaction time •‘hypnotic’ perhaps inducing memorable state during stage I |
