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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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inflammation
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-defense response to tissue damage
-same tissue response with any type of injury -prevent spread other tissues -prepare site for tissue repair *inflammation always present with inf BUT inf not always present with inflammation |
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conditions that cause inflammation
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pathogen allergen
trauma heat chemicals radiation autoimmune reaction |
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acute inflammation
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-healing 2 to 3 W
-usually no residual damage -neutrophil predominant cell (first to arrive in 6-12H) |
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subacute inflammation
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same as acute but last longer
-ex infective endocarditis stays Ws to Ms |
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chronic inflammation
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may last years
-predom cells lymphocytes and macrophages -may result from chs in immune system |
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S/S of inflammation
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-redness - hyperemia from vasodilation
-heat - fever to kill microb - increased metabolism at inflam site -pain - ch in pH nerve stimulation by histamine prostaglandin; pressure from fluid exudate -swelling- fluid shift to interstitial space fluid exudate accumulation -loss of fx (swelling and pain) |
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systemic response to inflammation
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increased WBC (shift to the left)
-malaise -fever |
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wbc involved in inflammation
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-NEUTROPHILS! segmented are mature banded are immature
-macrophages -monocyte -eosinophil -basophil |
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shift to the left
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seen in pts with acute bacterial inf
-see increased number of band neutrophils (immature neutrophils) |
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differential count
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measure percent of each type of WBC in specimen
-increase in one type cause decrease in another type |
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direct testing
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examine dna for mutations
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biochem tests
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analyze gene product like enzymes and proteins
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karyotyping
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investigate #, form, size and arrangement of chromosomes
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genetic testing looks for risk
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huntingtons chorea
breast and ovarian cancer colorectal cancer cystic fibrosis sickle cell hemophilia duchenne muscular dystrophy |
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stem cells
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-allow regeneration of lost tissues
-have ability to differentiate into other cells in the human body |
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embryonic stem cells
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ability to become one of hundreds of types of cells in body
-derived from human embryo cells -preferred type for medical reseach |
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adult stem cells
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-undifferentiated cells
-small numbers in adult tissues -primary role- maintain and repair tissues in which they're found |
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antigen
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substance that body sees as foreign that creates an immune response
-most composed of protein |
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antibody
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ig produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens
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humoral immunity
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when exposed to an antigen for a second time the response is faster and lasts longer
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immune response
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macrophages are your bodies bouncers
-always on guard to detect what doesn't belong and troublemakers -when spot out of ordinary call for the SWAT team (Helper T cells) |
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immune system can backfire and be dangerous to owner
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underkill- inadequate response causing inf to get worse (immunocompromised)
-overkill - too aggressive to attack threats (autoimmunity) |
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effects of aging immune system
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-Inc incidence of tumors
-greater susceptibility to inf -dec cell mediated immunity -dec delayed hypersensitivity -dec in size and activity in thymus -def in T and B cells -dec primary and secondary antibody responses |
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why thymus important in immune system
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it differentiates and help maturation of T cells
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active immunity
-natural -artificial |
-Natural
contact with antigen thru clinical infection EX chicken pox measles mumps -Artificial immunization with antigen EX immunization with live or killed vaccine |
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passive immunity
-natural -artificial |
Natural- transplacental and colostrum transfer from mother to child
EX maternal IG in neonates Artificial injection of serum from immune human Ex inj of human gamma globulin |
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IgG
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only one that crosses the placenta
-SECONDARY immune response -found in plasma and interstitial fluid |
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IgA
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mucous membrances and protect the body surface
-found in body secretions, tears, saliva, breast milk |
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IgM
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PRIMARY immune response
-form antibodies to ABO blood antigens -found in plasma |
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IgD
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-antigen receptor B cells
-present lymphocyte surface -assist in differntiation B lympho -found in plasma |
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IgE
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Causes symptoms of allergic reaction
-defense against parasitic inf found in plasma and interstitial fluid |
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what is primary site for filtering foreign antigens from blood
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spleen
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type 1
rapid hypersensitivity reaction |
result from increased production of IgE antibodies
EX anaphylactic reaction (penicillin most common) *initial symp edema and itching allergic reaction hay fever iodone allergic rhinitis shellfish bee sting latex peanuts |
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type 2
cytotoxic and cytolytic |
body makes special auto-antibodies against self cells
-direct binding IgM or IgG antibodies to antigen on cell surface EX hemolytic anemia thrombocytopenic purpura hemolytic transfusion reaction (when pt receive the wrong blood type) goodpastures syndrome (disorder lungs and kidneys circulating antibodies combine with antigen to activate deposits IgG to form along basement membranes) |
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type 3
complex reaction |
excess antigen cause immune complex to form in the blood
-circulating complex lodge in small bl v walls -deposits trigger inflam EX rheumatoid arthrits SLE serum sickness |
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type 4
delayed hypersensitivity reaction |
-cell mediated response
-reactive cell T-lymphocyte -T-cells are sensitive from previous exposure so antigen releases chem and macrophages to destroy antigen -24-48 hrs EX contact dermatitis transplant rejection |
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what secretes hormones that stimulate maturation and differentiation in t lymphs
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thymus
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lymphocytes
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produced in bone marrow and differentiate into B and T lymphocytes
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B lymph
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differentiate into plasma cells when activated
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T lymph
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cells migrate from bone marrow to thymus become T cells
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2 types T cells
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T cytotoxic
T Helper |
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T cytotoxic
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attack antigen on cell membrane of foreign pathogen and release sub that kills it
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T helper
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regulate cell mediated and humoral antibody response
-TH1 - stimulate phagocyte-mediated ingestion and killing microbes -TH2 - stimulate eosinophil-mediated kill parasites involved allergic response |
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Natural Killer cells
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L lymph
-recog and kill virus in inf cells, tumor cells, transplanted grafts *sig role surveillance malignant cell ch |
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cytokines
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instruct cells to ch life, differentiate, secretion, activity
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systemic anaphylactic reaction
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-ensure pt airway
-mild symptoms - 1:1000 or 0.2 to 0.5 epinephrine subQ -1:10,000 or 0.5 ml IV at 5-10 min interval for severe -O2 and lay flat and elevate legs -keep warm -maintain bp with fluids, vol expander, vasopressors (dopamine) -benadryl IM or IV -histamine blockers (tagamet |
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ongoing monitoring systemic anaphylactic reaction
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Vs
-respiratory effort -O2 -LOC -cardiac rhythm -anticipate intubation |
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RAST
radioallergoosorbent test |
diagnostic test for IgE antibodies to specific allergen
-help to confirm reactivity to various foods or drugs |
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scratch or prick test
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drop allergen placed on skin
-pricking device used so it can enter skin |
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intradermal test
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injected under skin like TB
-check 5 to 10 M |
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patch test
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allegen placed on skin check in 42 to 78 hours
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antihistamine
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best for allergic rhinitis and urticaria
-block effect histamine -take as soon as symptoms appear |
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sympathomimetic &
decongestant |
-major epinephrine (adrenalin)
-drug of choice to treat anaphylactic reaction |
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corticosteroids
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effective relieving symptoms of hay fever
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antipruritic
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-protect skin relief from itching
*caution cuz risk of agranulocytosis -calamine lotion, coal tar solution -trimeprazine (temaril) -methdilazine (tacaryl) |
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mast cell stabilizing drugs
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inhibit release histamine and other agents after antigen IgE interaction
-manage hay fever and asthama |
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leukotriene receptor antagonist
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block the major mediator of allergic inflam process
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immunotherapy
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recommended treatment when allergen can't be avoided
-give small amount allergen and inc strength with hyposensitivity reached -GOAL block IgG so levels are high *imp to admin away from jt so tourniquet can be applied |
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Type IV allergic contact dermatitis
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skin reaction to chem used in manufacturing process
-delayed reaction within 6-48 hours |
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type 1
alleric reaction to latex |
skin redness to anaphylactic shock
-occur with mins |
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latex food syndrome
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-banana avocado
chestnut kiwi tomato water chesnut guava hazelnut potato peach grape apricot |
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apheresis
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seperate components of blood followed by removal of 1+ components
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common organ transplants
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corneas
kidney skin bone marrow heart valves bone connective tissue |
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crossmatch for organ tranplant
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done at time living donor is evaluated and just before surgery for deceased donors
-use serum from recipient mixed with donor lymp to test cytotoxic antibodies to potential donor organ |
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rejection
organ transplant |
if donor not perfect match
-prevent close matching ABO,Rh, HLAs |
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hyperacute rejection
acute rej chronic rej |
-minutes to hours after
-occurs days to months after -over months and years is irreversible |
