Ch 13 Verbs And Comps.

Front 1

Helping Verbs:
Be, Do, Have

Back 1

Use these to stand for longer verbs or verb phrases:
- I have never seen a bull, but my father has seen a bull (WORDY)
- I have never seen a bull, but my father HAS

Front 2

Helping Verbs:
Be

Back 2

Be: Generates progressive tenses and passive voices

Front 3

Helping Verbs:
Do

Back 3

Do: Used with Simple Present or Past to negate verbs (I DO not like eggs), emphasize verbs (He DOES like eggs), or ask questions (DO you like eggs?).

Front 4

Helping Verbs:
Have

Back 4

Have: Generates the perfect tenses - Bull example

Front 5

Helping Verbs:
Be, Do, Have

Back 5

Be, Do, and Have stand for positive form of a verb phrase, even if the full verb phrase is expressed elsewhere as negative.

Front 6

Modal Helping Verbs:
can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would

Back 6

Watch out. If the idea of obligation or advisability are expressed in the sentence, then do not use

Front 7

Form Be To

Back 7

AVOID
Use will or should instead

Front 8

In order to

Back 8

Is NOT automatically wordy

Front 9

Infinitives

Back 9

To Run
Idenfity the role of the infinitive. Is it
- Noun
- Adjective
- Verb

Front 10

Infinitives - as objects of verbs

Back 10

It can be done!
However, postpone the use of the infinitive by using a Placeholder It

Front 11

Infinitives and Prepositions

Back 11

Infinitives can never be used as objects of prepositions

Front 12

Gerunds (-ING) - used as nouns

Back 12

Can be used as:
Subject of verb (SWIMMING is fun)
Object of verb (I love SWIMMING)
Object of Preposition (I dream of SWIMMING)

Front 13

Gerunds
Simple
Complex

Back 13

Simple: Eating apples quickly (verb-like)
Complex: The quick eating of apples (noun-like)
DO NOT make simple and complex gerunds parallel

Front 14

A noun preceeding a Gerund:

Back 14

MUST be in a possesive case.
BUT make sure that the -ing form does indeed function as a noun and NOT a noun modifier

Front 15

Participles (-ING) - used as modifiers

Back 15

Modify nouns, verbs, or even whole clauses

Front 16

Participles (-ING) - used as modifiers (2)

Back 16

Function as:
Verb (progressive tense)
Noun (Gerund)
Adjective (Present Participle)
Adverb (Present Participle)

Front 17

Use of Present Participle at the end

Back 17

RESULT:
Investors sold the stock rapidly, CAUSING panic

Front 18

Use Infinitive at the end

Back 18

INTENTION:
Investors sold the stock rapidly, TO CAUSE panic

Front 19

Like

Back 19

Compare NOUNS (i.e. be followed by a NOUN), NOT clauses or actions

Front 20

Like - Metaphorical

Back 20

The use of LIKE may have a metaphorical connotation

Front 21

Unlike

Back 21

(----)
Ensure Parallelism

Front 22

As can be

Back 22

Either a Conjunction or a Preposition

Front 23

Numbers in Comparisons
Times ....

Back 23

use Times and As... ...As TOGETHER

Front 24

Numbers in Comparisons
Times without as or than

Back 24

To indicate direct multiplication

Front 25

Numbers in Comparisons
To relate two quantities by addition or subtraction...

Back 25

use: More Than or Less Than

Front 26

Would in an IF clause

Back 26

NEVER use Would in an IF Clause