Ch. 13 -- North And South

Front 1

Development of industrialization in three phases

Back 1

- Manufacturers made products by dividing tasks among workers
- Manufacturers built factories to bring specialized workers together
- Workers used machinery to perform work

Front 2

Elias Howe

Back 2

Invented sewing machine

Front 3

Robert Fulton

Back 3

Changed river travel with his steamboat

Front 4

Steamboats

Back 4

Carried goods and passengers more quickly and cheaply
Spurred development of cities
GREAT WESTERN -- first steam-powered ocean-going vessel, iron ship

Front 5

Clipper Ships

Back 5

- ships with sleek hulls and tall sails
- sails average of 300 miles per day
- FLYING CLOUD, SEA WITCH, CUTTY SHARK, CHAMPION OF THE SEAS

Front 6

Locomotives

Back 6

- ROCKET -> first steam-powered locomotive [Britain]
- TOM THUMB
- United Midwest and East

Front 7

Connecting the country [transportation]

Back 7

- Development of east-west canal and rail network allowed graink livestock,and dairy products to move directly from Midwest to East
- Merchants could sell goods at lower prices
- Railroads --> settlement and industrialization of Midwest [towns and industries developed]
- Railroads --> gave farmers access to new markets where they could sell products

Front 8

Peter Cooper

Back 8

-Designed and built the first American steam locomotive in 1830
- TOM THUMB lost in race against a horse-drawn train in Baltimore

Front 9

Samuel Morse

Back 9

- Morse code
- telegraphs
- What hath God wrought

Front 10

Richard Hoe

Back 10

Invented steam cylinder rotary press
Prompted start of dozens of newspapers

Front 11

John Deere

Back 11

Steel-tipped plow -- easily cut through hard-packed sod of the prairies

Front 12

Thresher

Back 12

separated grain from stalk

Front 13

Cyrus McCormick

Back 13

-Designed and constucted mechanical reaper
-mechanical reaper -- sped up harvesting of wheat
- Harvested grain 4x faster than sickle
- Growing wheat became profitable
- Raising wheat would remain main economic activity in Midwestern praires

Front 14

Cash crops

Back 14

- Some crops for themselves and sold some for cash

Front 15

Working Conditions

Back 15

- Facotry systems developed --> working conditions worsened
- Owners wanted employees to work longer hours in order to produce more goods [averaged 11.4 hours a day]
- Accidents became more common [dangerous conditions]
- Unpleasant conditions : hot & stifling or too cold
- Low wages --> ended up living in slums near factories

Front 16

Attempts to Organize

Back 16

Trade unions --> organizations of workers with the same trade
Strikes --> struck to get higher wages and to limit workday to 10 hours
- General Trades Union of New York

Front 17

African American Workers

Back 17

- Racial prejudice
- Discrimination
- Couldn't vote in most states
- Not allowed to attend public schools and public facilities [segregated schools and hospitals]
- Lowest paying jobs

Front 18

Sarah G. Bagley

Back 18

- Founded Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization
- Petitioned state legislature for 10-hour day in 1845

Front 19

Immigrants [Ireland]

Back 19

- Brought on by terrible potato famine
- Too poor to buy land --> took low-paying factory jobs, performed manual labor, or became servants
- 1/3 Irish

Front 20

Immigrants [German]

Back 20

- Sought work and opportunity
- Left homes because of a failure of a democratic revolution in Gemany
- Opened businesses and bought farms
- Prospered in many parts of countries

Front 21

Impact of Immigration

Back 21

- Different languages, customs, religions, ways of life

Front 22

Immigrants & prejudice

Back 22

Nativists -- people opposed to immigrations
- Know-Nothing Party --> supported former president Millard Fillmore, but lost to James Buchanan, Democrat

Front 23

Why cotton crops rose

Back 23

- Tobacco depended on foreign markets and wore out land too quickly
- Sugarcane --> "rich man's crop" [irrigation canals and machinery

Front 24

Cotton gin

Back 24

- machine that removed seeds from cotton fibers
- cotton gin produced fiber quickly --> farmers wanted to grow more cotton --> demand for more slaves

Front 25

Eli Whitney

Back 25

invented cotton gin

Front 26

Cotton Rules Deeps South

Back 26

- Economies of Deep South and Upper South were different
- Upper --> tobacco, hemp, wheat, veggies
- Deep --> cotton, rice, sugarcane
- Value of enslaved people increased
- Upper became center for sale and transport of enslaved people throughout region

Front 27

Barriers to Industry

Back 27

- Cotton very profitable --> Southerners remained farming
- Lack of capital --> believed economy based on cotton and slavery would prosper
- Market for manufactured goods in Sourth smaller than North
- Simply did not want industry to flourish there

Front 28

Southern Factories

Back 28

- Believed that South was becoming dependent on North for manufactured goods

Front 29

William Gregg

Back 29

Opened own textile factory in South Carolina

Front 30

Joseph Reid Anderson

Back 30

Took over Tredegar Iron Works and made it one of the nation's leading producers of iron

Front 31

Southern Transportation

Back 31

- Natural waterways provided chief means for transportating goods
- Few canals and roads were poor
- Southern cities grew slower

Front 32

Yeomen

Back 32

- Farmers who did not have slaves
- Made up largest group of whites in South
- Grew crops for own use and to sell
- Traded produce to local merchants and workers for goods and services

Front 33

Tenant farmers

Back 33

- Farmers who worked on landlord's estate
- Rented land

Front 34

Enslaved Workers

Back 34

- Long and grueling day
- Lived in slave cabins
- Faced constant uncertainty --> breaking up of family
- Esablished network of relatives and friends
- Christianity
- Passtionate beliefs of Southern slaves found experession in spritual

Front 35

Slave codes

Back 35

- Aimed to prevent rebellions
- Prohibited slaves from assembling in large groups or leaving from property
- Made crime to teach slaves how to read and write

Front 36

Nat Turner

Back 36

Popular religious leader among his fellow slaves, taught himself how to read and write
- 1831- Led group of followers on brief, violent rampage
- Hanged , but rebellion frightened white Southerners --> more severe slave codes

Front 37

Free African Americans

Back 37

- Cities provided free African Americans with opportunities to form own communities
- Lives were far from secure
- Passed laws that limited rights of free African Americans
- Denied equal share in economic and political life