Ch 13 And 14 Review

Front 1

Sensory receptor

Back 1

specialized cell or cell process that monitors specific conditions within body

Front 2

Mechanorecptors

Back 2

resond to physical distortion i.e. pressure, touch, stress, vibration

Front 3

Theremoreceptors

Back 3

respond to change in temperature

Front 4

Photoreceptors

Back 4

respond to light energy i.e. retina-cones and rods

Front 5

Chemoreceptors

Back 5

respond to chemical changes i.e. taste receptons

Front 6

Nocirecptors

Back 6

pain recptors

Front 7

Exterorecptors

Back 7

at or near body surface

Front 8

Interoreceptors

Back 8

internal ex. organs, blood vessels,

Front 9

Propriorecptors

Back 9

anything dealing with movement i.e. tendons, ligaments, joints, muscles

Front 10

Free Nerve endings

Back 10

epithelial and connective tissue; respond primarily to pain and temperature

Front 11

Meissners' corpuslces

Back 11

upper dermis; detect light pressure

Front 12

Pacinian corpuscles

Back 12

deep dermis; dectect strong pressure

Front 13

Ruffini's coruscles

Back 13

respond to deep and continuous pressure in dermis, hypothermis, and joing corpuscles

Front 14

Muscle spindles

Back 14

detect stretch in skeletal muscle; initiate reflexes that resist stretch

Front 15

Golgi tendon organs

Back 15

detect tendon stretch associated with muscle contraction

Front 16

Joint kinesthetic receptors

Back 16

monitor stretch in articular capsules of synovial joints

Front 17

Adaption

Back 17

receptor activity slows or stops due to persistent stimulation

Front 18

tonic receptors

Back 18

turned on unless inactivated; adapts very slowly(if at all); protective receptors ex: pain receptors, inner ear(equilibrium)

Front 19

Phasic receptors

Back 19

turned off until they are activated; adapt quickly ex: olfactory, touch, pressure

Front 20

Nerve Regeneration in PNS

Back 20

possible if damage doesn't occur at or near cell body; axon and its myelin sheath disintegrate due to lack of nutrient; within week schwann cells and macrophages eat away dead tissue; surviving cells form regneration tubes new axon grows and becomes a single axon filament, with myelinated schwann cells

Front 21

Phrenic Nerve

Back 21

cervical plexus; motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm; prime mover of inspiration

Front 22

Median nerve

Back 22

brachial plexus; activates muscles that pronate the forearm, flex the wrist and fingers, and oppose the thumbs

Front 23

Ulnar nerve

Back 23

brachial plexsus; descends along medial aspect of arm toward elbow, then follows ulna along the medial forearm; supplies forearm, wrist, and finger flexors

Front 24

Radial nerve

Back 24

brachial plexus; innervates essentially all extensor muscles of arm; elbow extension, forearm supination, wrist and finger extension, and thumb adduction

Front 25

Sciatic Nerve

Back 25

thickest and longest nerve in body; supply entire leg; tibial and fibular nerve

Front 26

Pudendial Nerve

Back 26

supply most of the skin and muscles of perinum; voluntary control of urination

Front 27

12 Cranial Nerves

Back 27

OOOTTAFVGVAH

Front 28

Reflex

Back 28

involuntary response to stimulus

Front 29

Five components of reflex

Back 29

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motorneuron, and effector

Front 30

Innate reflexes

Back 30

genetically determined; connection formed between neurons during development; ex: withdrawl from pain, chewing, biting, blind reflex

Front 31

Acquired reflexes

Back 31

complex, learned patterns that improve with repetition ex: driving skills

Front 32

Spinal reflexes

Back 32

important connection and processes in spinal cord

Front 33

Cranial reflexes

Back 33

processed in brain; ex: blink reflex, response to loud noise

Front 34

Somatic reflex

Back 34

involuntary control of skeletal muscles;

Front 35

Visceral reflexes

Back 35

control activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Front 36

monosynaptic reflexes

Back 36

sensory neuron synapes directly with motor neuron serves as processing center

Front 37

polysynaptic reflex

Back 37

one or more interneurons between sensory neuron and motor neuron; longer delay between stimulus and response

Front 38

Ipsilateral reflex

Back 38

stimulus andd response on same side of spinal cord

Front 39

Contralateral refllex

Back 39

d

Front 40

Plantar relex

Back 40

downward flextion of toes when bottom of foot is stroked

Front 41

babinskis sign

Back 41

bending or fanning the toes upward when bottom of foot is stroked; normal in babies until 1 year; indicates damage in adults

Front 42

Neurofibromatosis

Back 42

genetic defect; produce soft tumors in connective tissues of nerves; arise from schwann cells

Front 43

Dematomes

Back 43

areas of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of spinal nerves

Front 44

Shingles

Back 44

caused by chicken pox; resurface when immune system weakened, stress; scaly blisteres

Front 45

Neuralgia

Back 45

sharp, spasm-like pain over one one or more nerves

Front 46

Neuritis

Back 46

inflammation of nerve

Front 47

Hiltons Law

Back 47

any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint and skin over joint

Front 48

Sympathetic division

Back 48

Fight or flight(emergency response to threats or stress); preganglionic fibers are short and release ACh; Postganglioonic fiberes long and release NE

Front 49

List the three location where ganglionic neurons are found in the sympathetic division

Back 49

1. paired-blood vessels, sweat glands, arector pilli muscles, adipose tissue, eye, salivary gland, heart, and lungs

2. unpaired collateral ganglia-digestive system, spleen, urinary system, reproductive system

3.adrenal medullae-inner region of adrenal gland; release epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) into blood

Front 50

Parasympathetic Division

Back 50

"rest and digest"; perform maintenance activities, conserve body energy, keep HR and BP at low levels; Preganglionic fibers long, extends from CNS to synapse; Postganglionic fibers short; both ACh

Front 51

List and describe the locations of ganglia in parasympathetic division

Back 51

ocululomotor, facial, gloospharngeal, vagus, and pelvic nerves(s2-s4)

Front 52

Cholinergic fibers

Back 52

fibers that release ACh

Front 53

List and describe the two types of cholinergic receptors

Back 53

nicotinic-binding always excitatory

muscarinic-binding either excitatory or inhibitory(depends on receptor type)

Front 54

Adrenergic fibers

Back 54

fibers the release NE(norepinephrine)

Front 55

Beta 1

Back 55

excitatory ex: heart

Front 56

beta 2

Back 56

inhibitory ex: bronchiole smooth muscle-increase airway diameter

Front 57

beta 3

Back 57

excitatory ex: adipose tissue-triglycerides released

Front 58

alpha 1

Back 58

excitatory ex: blood vessel-increase blood pressure

Front 59

alpha 2

Back 59

inhibitory at neuroglandular junctions ex: decrease digestive secretions

Front 60

Short reflexes

Back 60

bypass CNS; control part of organ

Front 61

Long reflex

Back 61

involve CNS; generallly control entire organ

Front 62

When dual intervation occurs

Back 62

one division dominates ex: at rest parasympathetic system

Front 63

When duel intervention does not occur

Back 63

precise control possible ex: blood vessel diameter(sympthetic)

Front 64

Neostigmine

Back 64

inhibits breakdown of ACh allow it to accululate

Front 65

Tricyclic antidepressants

Back 65

help prolong activity of NE

Front 66

beta blockers

Back 66

attach to beta adrenergic receptor in heart to decrease HR and control arrthymias

Front 67

Hypertenstion

Back 67

high BP; may result from overactive sympathetic vasoconstriction due to continuous levels of high stress

Front 68

Reynaud's disease

Back 68

extreme vasoconstriction in the extremities; cause skin of finger and toes to become pale then cyanotic and painful; caused by exposure to cold or emotional stress

Front 69

Referred pain

Back 69

pain stimuli arising in the viscera as somatic in origin; afferent nerves travel along the same pathways as somatic pain fibers