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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Everything done in the nervous system involves 3 fundaments steps:
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1- Sensory function detects internal and external stimuli 2- Interpretation is made (analysis) 3- A motor response occurs (reaction) |
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The nervous system _______ environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the endocrine system to ___ to such events. |
DETECTS; RESOPONDS |
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The CNS (the central nervous system) includes:
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THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
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The PNS (the peripheral nervous system) includes: |
ALL NERVE TISSUE OUTSIDE THE CNS (including nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors) |
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What receives, processes and transmits information by manipulating the flow of charge across their membranes? |
NEURONS
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nutrition of the brain, but do not manipulate the information? |
NEUROGLIA (they maintain the internal environment so that neurons can do their jobs) |
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_____ are neurons that convey information from sensory receptors in the head, body wall and limbs towards the CNS. A- Somatic Sensory (Afferent) Neurons B- Somatic Motor (Efferent) Neurons C- None of the above |
A- SOMATIC SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURONS
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______ are neurons that conduct impulses away from the CNS towards the skeletal muscles under voluntary control in the periphery. A- Somatic Sensory (Afferent) Neurons B- Somatic Motor (Efferent) Neurons C- Interneuons |
B- SOMATIC MOTOR (EFFERENT) NEURONS
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____ are any neurons that conduct impulses between afferent and efferent neurons within the CNS. A- Somatic Sensory (Afferent) Neurons B- Somatic Motor (Efferent) Neurons C- Interneuons |
C- INTERNEURONS
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The SNS (somatic nervous system) consists of:
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SOMATIC SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURONS, SOMATIC MOTOR (EFFERENT) NEURONS AND INERNEURONS. |
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The ANS (autonomic nervous system) consists of:
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SENSORY NEURONS AND MOTOR NEURONS
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______ convey information from autonomic sensory receptors located primarily in visceral organs like the stomach or lungs to the CNS |
SENSORY NEURONS
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_______ under involuntary control conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. |
MOTOR NEURONS
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The motor part of the ANS (autonomic nervous system) consists of two branches which usually have opposing actions. What are these two branches?
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THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS (fight or flight) and THE PARASYMPATHETIC (calm) |
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The operations of the ________, the "brain of the gut" involuntarily controls GI propulsion, and acid and hormonal secretions.
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ENS (ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM)
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_______ are small masses of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord, usually closely associated with cranial and spinal nerves. |
GANGLIA
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______ are the real "functional unit", while ______ are smaller but greatly outnumber them.
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NEURONS; NEUROGLIA
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Neurons gather information at ______ and process it in the dendritic tree and cell body. A- Axon B- Dendrite C- Cell body D- Axon terminal |
B- DENDRITE
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Then they transmit the information down their _____ to the _____ terminals. A- Axon B- Dendrite C- Cell body D- Axon terminal |
A- AXONS
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The site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and another effector cell is called a _________. A- Synapse B- Synaptic Cleft C- Axon Terminal D- Neurotransmitter |
A- SYNAPSE
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The _____ is the gap between the pre and post-synaptic cells. A- Synapse B- Synaptic Cleft C- Synaptic Vesicles D- Neurotransmitter |
B- SYNAPTIC CLEFT
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Synaptic end bulbs and other varicosities on the axon terminals of presynaptic neurons contain many tiny membrane-enclosed sacs called _________ that store packets of neurotransmitter chemicals. A- Synapse B- Synaptic Cleft C- Synaptic Vesicles D- Neurotransmitter |
C- SYNAPTIC VESICLES
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______ conveys axoplasm in one direction only - from the cell body toward the axon terminals. A- Fast axonal transport B- Slow axonal transport C- None of the above D- Both A & B are both correct |
B- SLOW AXONAL TRANSPORT
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_________ moves materials in both directions. A- Fast axonal transport B- Slow axonal transport C- Fast retrograde transport D- Both A & B are both correct |
A- FAST AXONAL TRANSPORT
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Substances that enter the neuron at the axon terminals are also moved to the cell body by ___________. This is why an injury to the head or neck is more serious than another areas of the body. A- Fast axonal transport B- Slow axonal transport C- Fast retrograde transport D- Both A & B are both correct |
C- FAST RETROGRADE TRANSPORT
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What features are used to classify the various neurons in the body? A- If it doesn't have dendrites, it's not a neuron B- Structure of the neuron C- Function of the neuron D- Both B & C are correct |
D- BOTH B & C ARE CORRECT |
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________ is based on the number of processes (axons or dendrites) extending from the cell body.
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STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATIONS
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_______ neurons have several dendrites and only one axon and are located throughout the brain and spinal cord. A- Bipolar B- Unipolar C- Multipolar D- None of the above |
C- MULTIPOLAR
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________ neurons have one main dendrite and one axon. A- Bipolar B- Unipolar C- Multipolar D- None of the above |
A- BIPOLAR
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________ neurons contain one process which extends from the body and divides into a central branch that functions as an axon and as a dendritic root. A- Bipolar B- Unipolar C- Multipolar D- None of the above |
B- UNIPOLAR
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The _______ of neurons is based on electrophysiological properties (excitatory or inhibitory and the direction in which the AP is conveyed with respect to the CNS. |
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
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_______ do not generate or conduct nerve impulses, they support the neurons. |
NEUROGLIA
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_______ support neurons in the CNS and maintain the chemical environment. A- Oligodendrocytes B- Astrocytes C- Microglia D- Ependymal Cells |
B- ASTROCYTES
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_________ produce myelin in the CNS. A- Oligodendrocytes B- Astrocytes C- Microglia D- Ependymal Cells |
A- OLIGODENDROCYTES
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_________ participate in phagocytosis in the CNS. A- Oligodendrocytes B- Astrocytes C- Microglia D- Ependymal Cells |
C- MICROGLIA
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______ form and circulate cerebral spinal fluid in the CNS. A- Oligodendrocytes B- Astrocytes C- Microglia D- Ependymal Cells |
D- EPENDYMAL CELLS
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What are the 2 types of neuroglia in the PNS and what are their functions?
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SATELLITE CELLS (SUPPORT NEURONS) SCHWANN CELLS (PRODUCE MYELIN) |
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_______ is the process of forming a myelin sheath which insulates and increases nerve impulse speed.
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MYELINATION
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_______ are the gaps in the myelin sheath.
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NODES OF RANCIER
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features and birth and can only be repaired through ________ after an injury (they are never replaced by daughter cells as occurs with epithelial tissues). |
REGENERATION
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The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cell, which encloses the myelin sheath, is the ______. A- White matter B- Grey matter C- Neurolemma D- None of the above |
C- NEUROLEMMA
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________ refers to the loss or destruction of myelin sheaths around axons. it may result from disease, or from medical treatments such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy. |
DEMYLINATION
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_________ of he brain and spinal cord is formed by aggregations of myelinated axons from man neurons. A- White matter B- Grey matter C- Neurolemma D- None of the above |
A- WHITE MATTER (the lipid part of myelin imparts the white appearance) |
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________ (colored this way because it lacks myelin) of the brain and spinal cord is formed from neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. A- White matter B- Grey matter C- Neurolemma D- None of the above |
B- GREY MATTER
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Like muscle fibers, neurons are ____________. They communicate with one another using two types of electrical signals.
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ELECTRICALLY EXCITABLE
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_________ are used for short-distance communication only. A- Graded potentials B- Action potentials C- Any potential D- None of the above |
A- GRADED POTENTIALS |
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______ allow communication over long distances within the body. A- Graded potentials B- Action potentials C- Any potential D- None of the above |
B- ACTION POTEINTIALS
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Producing electrical signals in neuron depends on the existence of a ____________. A cell's _____ is created using joint gradient and a variety of ion channels that open or close in response to specific stimuli |
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL (RMP)
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________ are present in the plasma membrane. When they re open, they allow specific ions to move across he plasma membrane down their electrochemical gradient.
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ION CHANNELS
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_________ respond to a neurotransmitter and are mainly concentrated at the synapse. A- Leakage channels B- Mechanically-gated channels C- Ligand-gated channels D- Voltage-gated channels |
C- LIGAND-GATED CHANNELS
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_______ respond to changes in the transmembrane electrical potential and are mainly located along the neuronal axon. A- Leakage channels B- Mechanically-gated channels C- Ligand-gated channels D- Voltage-gated channels |
D- VOLTAGE-GATED CHANNELS
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_________ respond to mechanical deformation (applying pressure to a receptor). A- Leakage channels B- Mechanically-gated channels C- Ligand-gated channels D- Voltage-gated channels |
B- MECHANICALLY-GATED CHANNELS
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__________ are also gated, but they are not active and they open and close randomly. A- Leakage channels B- Mechanically-gated channels C- Ligand-gated channels D- Voltage-gated channels |
A- LEAKAGE CHANNELS
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A neuron's _____ is measured at rest, when it's not conducting a nerve impulse.
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RMP (RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL)
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The RMP is slightly negative because _________ favor a gradient where more K+ leaks out, than Na+ leaks in (there are ore K+ channels than Na+ channels). |
LEAKAGE CHANNELS
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A cell that exhibits an RMP is said to be ______.
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POLARIZED
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In this state, the cell is primed - it is already to produce an action potential. In order to do so, _________ must first be produced in order to depolarize the cell to threshold. |
GRADED POTENTIALS
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From the RMP, a stimulus that causes the cell to be less negatively charged with respect to the extracellular fluid is a __________________, an a stimulus that causes the cell to be ore negatively charged is a hyperpolarizing graded potential.
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DEPOLARIZING GRADED POTENTIAL
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In contrast to graded potentials, an ______, or impulse is a signal which travels the length of the neurons. |
ACTION POTENTIAL (AP)
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If a neuron receives a ___________, a full strength nerve impulse is produced and spreads down the axon of the neuron to the axon terminal.
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TRESHOLD (LIMINAL) STIMULUS
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During an action potential, what two phases occur? |
DEPOLARIZING PHASE AND REPOLARIZING PHASE
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While the coltage0gated K+ channels are open, outflow of K+ may be large enough to cause an ________ of the action potential.
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AFTER-HYPERPOLARIZING
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After initiating an action potentials, there is a period of time called the ________ during which a cell cannot generate another AP, no matter how strong stimulus. A- Relative refractory period B- Propagation of the AP C- Absolute refractory period |
C- ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD
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The ______ is the period of time during which a second action potential can be initiated, but only by a larger-than-normal stimulus. A- Relative refractory period B- Propagation of the AP C- Absolute refractory period |
A- RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD
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_______ down he length of the axon begins at the trigger zone near the axon hillock. A- Relative refractory period B- Propagation of the AP C- Absolute refractory period |
B- PROPAGATION OF THE AP
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In addition to the nodes of Ranvier that allow salutatory conduction, the speed of an AP is also affected by:
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1- THE AXON DIAMETER 2- THE AMOUNT O MYELINATION 3- THE TEMPERATURE |
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_______ are of medium size and speed (15m/sec), and comprise myelinated visceral sensory & autonomic preganglionic neurons. A- A fibers B- B fibers C- C fibers |
B- B FIBERS
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_______ are the smallest and slowest (2m/sec) and comprise unmyelinated sensory and autonomic motor neurons. A- A fibers B- B fibers C- C fibers |
C- C FIBERS
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_________ are large, fast (130m/sec), myelinated neurons that carry touch and pressure sensations; many motor neurons are also of this type.
A- A fibers B- B fibers C- C fibers |
A- A FIBERS
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The ________ converts an electrical signal (nerve impulse) into a chemical signal (released neurotransmitter). |
PRESYNAPTIC NEURON
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The ________ receives the chemical signal and in turn generates an electrical signal (postsynaptic potential).
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POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON
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Both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters are present in the:
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CNS AND PNS
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The same neurotransmitter may ne excitatory in some locations and ______ in others.
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INHIBITORY
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What was can a neurotransmitter's effects be modified?
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1- SYNTHESIS CAN BE STIMULATED OR INHIBITED 2- RELEASE CAN BE BLOCKED OR ENHANCED 3- REMOVALS CAN BE STIMULATED OR BLOCKED 4- THE RECEPTOR SITE CAN BE BLOCKED OR ACTIATED. |
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______ is released by nearly all excitatory neurons in he brain. A- GABA B- Glutamate |
B- GLUTAMATE
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________ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter for 1/3 of all brain synapses. A- GABA B- Glutamate |
A- GABA
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__________ causes a depolarization of the postsynaptic cell, bringing it closer to threshold, so the postsynaptic cell does become more excitable. A- Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) B- Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
A- EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (ESPS) |
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_______ hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic cell taking it farther from threshold. A- Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) B- Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
B- INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (IPSP)
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_______ is accomplished by diffusion out of the synaptic cleft, enzymatic degradations, and re-uptake by cell and is essential for normal function. |
REMOVAL OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER
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________ is the process accomplished by the postsynaptic neuron when it combines all excitatory and inhibitory inputs and responds accordingly. |
INTEGRATION
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