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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Assessing Fine Movement |
-tools for assessment of fine motor development have many problems -some lack clear performance criteria -some contain incomplete and/or "old" norms |
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Assessing Fine Movement |
-a study (200 newborns to 6 yr. olds, 37 motor tasks) to determine the attainment of various fine motor skills -emergence times are similar -achievement times varied -conclusion: all the data available are fine for rough indications of fine motor emergence and attainment, there are still many discrepancies |
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Reciprocal Synergies |
a combinations of movements involving the thumb and other involved digits reciprocally and simultaneously interacting to produce relatively dissimilar movements Flexion of the fingers as the thumb extends (hitch hiking) Twiddling of the thumbs (texting) Rolling a pencil between thumb and forefinger |
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Sequential Patterns |
involve a specific sequence of hand movements toward a goal -these patterns are not simultaneous -tying a knot, unscrewing a lid, squeezing a tube of toothpaste, drumming the fingers |
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Writing |
there is a sequential development of movement technique for manipulation of writing or drawing implements (pencils, crayons) -the development is universal -the rate of acquisition of the stages of movement ability varies |
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Fine Motor/Writing |
-2 to 6 years of age -as writing ability develops, the hand moves closer to the tip of the pencil -children hold the pencil away from the tip and movements come from the shoulder -later, the elbow produces more movement -finally, the fingers and thumb gain control (dynamic tripod) -mature writing pattern observed by 7 years of age |
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Supinate Grasp |
First stage in holding a writing implement -fingers and thumb wrapped around pencil in a fist |
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Pronate Grasp |
second stage in holding a writing implement -palm-down hand position |
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The Dynamic Tripod |
mature grasp -third and final stage of holding writing implement present by age 7 |
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Proximodistal Development |
shoulder is main mover, then elbow comes into play, finally fingers which lessen need for shoulder and elbow |
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Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Dynamic Tripod |
-japanese children attain the dynamic tripod by 35 months -children learn to use chopsticks early in life -British children attain the dynamic tripod at age 48 months -cultural factors? |
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The Dynamic Tripod From 6 to 14 Years |
-the age of changing from the immature to mature characteristics of both the finger flexion and the forearm positioning was found to be approximately 10 years -in general, the dynamic tripod does continue to be refined between the ages of 6 and 14 years |
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Drawing and Writing: Movement Products |
-Four major stages of drawing development as determined by the product of the act of drawing Stage 1: scribbling stage -may occur by accident -bolder with confidence -less spontaneous with control and thought Stage 2: Combine stage -construction of diagrams, geometric figures, and combinations of shapes -eventually shapes form some familiar object; a house, etc. E.g. two year old drawing spirals or a series of circles |
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Drawing and Writing: Movement Products |
Stage 3: aggregate total stage -child combines diagrams and figures in combinations of three or more -more complex drawings can be created Stage 4: Pictorial stage -pictures are drawn with more precision and complexity |
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Home environment |
one of the most important factors effecting the level of drawing development -child observes others drawing -availability of writing implements -factors such as the home make it difficult to put an exact age on the stages, but there is sequential progression just the same |
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Finger Tapping |
-fine motor coordination -used to diagnose neurological difficulty -repetitive and successive movements |
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Repetitive |
repetitions of the same movement (thumb and finger tapping together) as rapidly as possible |
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Successive |
a series of similar movements performed rapidly (thumb then finger tapping) |
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Finger Tapping |
-improves with age -girls out perform boys -speed and coordination of performance occur over the first years of life -plateaus at 8 to 10 years old |
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Fine Motor Slowing in Late Adulthood |
-speed and coordination of many fine motor movements plateau in early life -no major motor changes are observed until late adulthood -degeneration of neurons -arthritis -osteoporosis -reversal of the proximodistal progression |
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Exceptions |
-physically fit and/or healthy adults maintain their speed of movement -practice inhibits the slowing process -movement involved in the creation of vocal responses shows fewer signs of slowing |
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Neural Degernation |
may contribute to slowing and decreased coordination |
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Physical Fitness and Practice |
can attenuate or eliminate the slowing process |
