Ch 12 Digestion

Front 1

anus

Back 1

the distal opening of the digestive tract (root an/o)

Front 2

appendix

Back 2

an appendage; usually means the narrow tube attached to the cecum, the vermiform (wormlike) appendix

Front 3

bile

Back 3

the fluid secreted by the liver that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats (roots chol/e, bili)

Front 4

cecum

Back 4

a blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine (root cec/o)

Front 5

colon

Back 5

the major portion of the large intestine; extends from the cecum to the rectum and is formed by ascending, transverse, and descending portions (root col/o, colon/o)

Front 6

common bile duct

Back 6

the duct that carries bile into the duodenum; formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct (root choledoch/o)

Front 7

duodenum

Back 7

the first portion of the small intestine (root duoden/o)

Front 8

esophagus

Back 8

the muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach. The opening of the esophagus into the stomach is controlled by the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (root esphag/o)

Front 9

feces

Back 9

the waste material eliminated from the intestine (adjective, fecal); stool

Front 10

gallbladder

Back 10

a sac on the undersurface of the liver that stores bile (root cholecyst/o)

Front 11

hepatic portal system

Back 11

a special pathway of the circulation that brings blood directly from the abdominal organs to the liver for processing (also called simply the portal system). The vessel that enters the liver is the hepatic portal vein (portal vein)

Front 12

ileum

Back 12

the terminal portion of the small intestine (root ile/o)

Front 13

intestine

Back 13

the portion of the digestive tract between the stomach and the anus. It consists of the small intestine and large intestine. It functions in digestion, absorption, and elimination of waste (root enter/o)

Front 14

jejunum

Back 14

the middle portion of the small intestine (root jejun/o)

Front 15

liver

Back 15

the large gland in the upper right part of the abdomen. In addition to many other functions, it secretes bile for digestion of fats (root hepat/o)

Front 16

mastication

Back 16

chewing

Front 17

pancreas

Back 17

a large, elongated gland behind the stomach. It produces hormones that regulate sugar metabolism and also produces digestive enzymes (root pancreat/o)

Front 18

palate

Back 18

the roof of the mouth; the partition between the mouth and nasal cavity; consists of an anterior portion formed by bone, the hard palate, and a posterior portion formed of tissue, the soft palate (root palat/o)

Front 19

peristalsis

Back 19

wavelike contractions of the walls of an organ

Front 20

pylorus

Back 20

the distal opening of the stomach into the duodenum. The opening is controlled by a ring of muscle, the pyloric sphincter (root pylor/o)

Front 21

rectum

Back 21

the distal portion of the large intestine. It stores and eliminates undigested waste (root rect/o, proct/o)

Front 22

saliva

Back 22

the clear secretion released into the mouth that moistens food and contains an enzyme that digests starch. It is produced by three pairs of glands; the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands (root sial/o)

Front 23

stomach

Back 23

a muscular saclike organ below the diaphragm that stores food and secretes juices that digest proteins (root gastr/o)

Front 24

villi

Back 24

tiny projections in the lining of the small intestine that absorb digested foods into the circulation (singular, villus)

Front 25

or/o

Back 25

mouth

Front 26

stoma, stomat/o

Back 26

mouth

Front 27

gnath/o

Back 27

jaw

Front 28

labi/o

Back 28

lip

Front 29

bucc/o

Back 29

cheek

Front 30

dent/o, dent/i

Back 30

tooth, teeth

Front 31

odont/o

Back 31

tooth, teeth

Front 32

gingiv/o

Back 32

gum (gingiva)

Front 33

lingu/o

Back 33

tongue

Front 34

gloss/o

Back 34

tongue

Front 35

sial/o

Back 35

saliva, salivary gland, salivary duct

Front 36

palat/o

Back 36

palate

Front 37

esophag/o

Back 37

esophagus

Front 38

gastr/o

Back 38

stomach

Front 39

pylor/o

Back 39

pylorus

Front 40

enter/o

Back 40

intestine

Front 41

duoden/o

Back 41

duodenum

Front 42

jejun/o

Back 42

jejunum

Front 43

ile/o

Back 43

ileum

Front 44

cec/o

Back 44

cecum

Front 45

col/o, colon/o

Back 45

colon

Front 46

sigmoid/o

Back 46

sigmoid colon

Front 47

rect/o

Back 47

rectum

Front 48

proct/o

Back 48

rectum

Front 49

an/o

Back 49

anus

Front 50

hepat/o

Back 50

liver

Front 51

bili

Back 51

bile

Front 52

chol/e, chol/o

Back 52

bile, gall

Front 53

cholecyst/o

Back 53

gallbladder

Front 54

cholangi/o

Back 54

bile duct

Front 55

choledoch/o

Back 55

common bile duct

Front 56

pancreat/o

Back 56

pancreas

Front 57

appendicitis

Back 57

inflammation on the appendix

Front 58

ascites

Back 58

accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of edema. May be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction, cirrhosis, or changes in plasma concentration

Front 59

bilirubin

Back 59

a pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood cells; mainly excreted by the liver in bile

Front 60

cholecystitis

Back 60

inflammation of the gallbladder

Front 61

cholelithiasis

Back 61

the condition of having stones in the gallbladder; also used to refer to stones in the common bile duct

Front 62

cirrhosis

Back 62

chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue

Front 63

colic

Back 63

acute abdominal pain, such as biliary colic caused by gallstones in the bile ducts

Front 64

Crohn disease

Back 64

a chronic inflammatory disease of the GI tract usually involving the ileum

Front 65

diarrhea

Back 65

the frequent passage of watery bowel movements

Front 66

diverticulitis

Back 66

inflammation of diverticula (small pouches) in the wall of the digestive tract, especially in the colon

Front 67

diverticulosis

Back 67

the presence of diverticula, especially in the colon

Front 68

dyspahgia

Back 68

difficulty in swallowing

Front 69

emesis

Back 69

vomiting

Front 70

fistula

Back 70

an abnormal passageway between two organs or from an organ to the body surface, such as between the rectum and anus (anorectal fistula)

Front 71

gastroenteritis

Back 71

inflammation of the stomach and intestine

Front 72

hemorrhoids

Back 72

varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding, and sometimes prolapse of the rectum

Front 73

hepatitis

Back 73

inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection

Front 74

hepatomegaly

Back 74

enlargement of the liver

Front 75

hiatal hernia

Back 75

a protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

Front 76

icterus

Back 76

Jaundice

Front 77

ileus

Back 77

intestinal obstruction. May be caused by lack of peristalsis (adynamic, paralytic ileus) or by contraction (dynamic ileus). Intestinal matter and gas may be relieved by passage of a tube for drainage

Front 78

intussusception

Back 78

slipping of one part of the intestine into another part below it. Occurs mainly in male infants in the ileocecal region. May be fatal if untreated for more that one day.

Front 79

jaundice

Back 79

a yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eye caused by bile pigments in the blood (from French jaune meaning "yellow"). The main pigment is bilirubin, a byproduct of the breakdown of red blood cells

Front 80

nausea

Back 80

an unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes vomiting. Typically occurs in digestive upset, motion sickness, and sometimes early pregnancy

Front 81

occult blood

Back 81

blood present in such small amounts that it can be detected only microscopically or chemically; in the feces, a sign of intestinal bleeding (occult means "hidden")

Front 82

pancreatitis

Back 82

inflammation of the pancreas

Front 83

peptic ulcer

Back 83

a lesion in the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum caused by the action of gastric juices

Front 84

peritonitis

Back 84

inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. May result from perforation of an ulcer, rupture of the appendix, or infection of the reproductive tract, among other causes

Front 85

polyp

Back 85

a tumor that grows in a stalk and bleeds easily

Front 86

portal hypertension

Back 86

an abnormal increase in the pressure in the hepatic portal system. May be caused by cirrhosis, infection, thrombosis, or tumors.

Front 87

pyloric stenosis

Back 87

narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum; pylorostenosis

Front 88

splenomegaly

Back 88

enlargement of the spleen

Front 89

ulcerative colitis

Back 89

chronic ulceration of the colon of unknown cause

Front 90

volvulus

Back 90

twisitng of the intestine resulting in obstruction. Usually involves the sigmoid colon and occurs most often in children and in the elderly. May be caused by congenital malformation, foreign body, or adhesion. Failure to treat immediately may result in death

Front 91

anastomosis

Back 91

a passage or communication between two vessels or organs. May be normal or pathologic, or may be created surgically.

Front 92

barium study

Back 92

use of barium sulfate as a liquid contrast medium for fluoroscopic or radiographic study of the digestive tract. Can show obstruction, tumors, ulcers, hiatal hernia, and motility disorders, among others

Front 93

cholecystectomy

Back 93

surgical removal of the gallbladder

Front 94

Dukes classification

Back 94

a system for staging colorectal cancer based on degree of penetration of the bowel wall and lymph node involvement; severity is graded from A to C.

Front 95

endoscopy

Back 95

use of fiberoptic endoscope for direct visual examination. GI studies include esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy (rectum and distal colon), and colonoscopy (all regions of the colon)

Front 96

ERCP

Back 96

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; a technique for viewing the pancreatic and bile ducts and for performing certain techniques to relieve obstructions. Contrast medium is injected into the biliary system from the duodenum and radiographs are taken

Front 97

ostomy

Back 97

an opening into the body; generally refers to an opening created for elimination of body waste. Also refers to the operation done to create such an opening (see stoma)

Front 98

stoma

Back 98

a surgically created opening to the body surface or between two organs (literally "mouth")

Front 99

bolus

Back 99

a mass, such as the rounded mass of food that is swallowed

Front 100

cardia

Back 100

The part of the stomach near the esophagus, named for its closeness to the heart

Front 101

chyme

Back 101

the semiliquid partially digested food that moves from the stomach into the small intestine

Front 102

defecation

Back 102

the evacuation of feces from the rectum

Front 103

deglutition

Back 103

swallowing

Front 104

duodenal bulb

Back 104

the part of the duodenum near the pylorus' the first bend (flexure) of the duodenum

Front 105

duodenal papilla

Back 105

the raised area where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum; papilla of Vater

Front 106

greater omentum

Back 106

a fold of the peritoneum that extends from the stomach over the abdominal organs

Front 107

hepatic flexure

Back 107

the right bend of the colon, forming the junction between the ascending colon and the transverse colon

Front 108

ileocecal valve

Back 108

a valvelike structure between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

Front 109

mesentery

Back 109

the portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the intestine

Front 110

mesocolon

Back 110

the portion of the peritoneum that folds over and supports the colon

Front 111

papilla of Vater

Back 111

see duodenal papilla

Front 112

peritoneum

Back 112

the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and supports the abdominal organs

Front 113

rugae

Back 113

the large folds in the lining of the stomach seen when the stomach is empty

Front 114

sphincter of Oddi

Back 114

the ring of muscle at the opening of the common bile duct into the duodenum

Front 115

splenic flexure

Back 115

the left bend of the colon, forming the junction between the transverse colon and the descending colon

Front 116

uvula

Back 116

a hanging fleshy mass. Usually means the mass that hands from the soft palate.

Front 117

achalasia

Back 117

failure of smooth muscle to relax, especially the lower esophageal sphincter, so that food is retained in the esophagus

Front 118

achlorhydria

Back 118

lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; opposite is hyperchlorhydria

Front 119

anorexia

Back 119

loss of appetite. Anorexia nervosa is a psychologically induced refusal or inability to eat

Front 120

aphagia

Back 120

refusal or inability to eat; inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing

Front 121

aphthous ulcer

Back 121

a small ulcer in the mucous membrane in the mouth

Front 122

bulimia

Back 122

excessive, insatiable appetite. A disorder characterized by overeating followed by induced vomiting, diarrhea, or fasting

Front 123

cachexia

Back 123

profound ill health, malnutrition, and wasting

Front 124

caries

Back 124

tooth decay

Front 125

celiac disease

Back 125

a disease characterized by the inability to absorb foods containing gluten

Front 126

cheilosis

Back 126

cracking at the corners of the mouth, often caused by B vitamin deficiency (root cheil/o means "lip")

Front 127

cholestasis

Back 127

stoppage of bile flow

Front 128

constipation

Back 128

infrequency or difficulty in defecation and the passage of hard, dry feces

Front 129

dyspepsia

Back 129

poor or painful digestion

Front 130

eructation

Back 130

belching

Front 131

familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

Back 131

a heredity condition in which multiple polyps from in the colon and rectum, predisposing to colorectal cancer

Front 132

flatulence

Back 132

condition of having gas or air in the GI tract

Front 133

flatus

Back 133

gas or air in the GI tract; gas or air expelled through the anus

Front 134

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Back 134

backflow of gastric contents into te esophagus. May result in inflammation and damage to the esophagus; heartburn

Front 135

hematemesis

Back 135

vomiting of blood

Front 136

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Back 136

a chronic stress-related disease characterized by diarrhea, constipation, and pain associated with rhythmic contractions of the intestine. Mucous colitis; spastic colon

Front 137

megacolon

Back 137

an extremely dilated colon. Usually congenital but may occur in acute ulcerative colitis

Front 138

melena

Back 138

black tarry feces resulting from blood in the intestines. Common in newborns. May also be a sign of GI bleeding

Front 139

obstipation

Back 139

extreme constipation

Front 140

pernicious anemia

Back 140

a form of anemia caused by failure of the stomach to secrete a substance (intrinsic factor) needed for the absorption of vitamin B12.

Front 141

pilonidal cyst

Back 141

a dermal cyst in the region of the sacrum, usually at the top of the cleft between the buttocks. May become infected and begin to drain

Front 142

regurgitation

Back 142

a backward flowing, such as the backflow of undigested food

Front 143

appendectomy

Back 143

surgical removal of the appendix

Front 144

Billroth operations

Back 144

Gastroectomy with anastomosis of the stomach to the duodenum (Billroth I) or to jejunum (Billroth II)

Front 145

gavage

Back 145

process of feeding through a nasogastric tube into the stomach

Front 146

lavage

Back 146

washing out of a cavity; irrigation

Front 147

manometry

Back 147

measurement of pressure; pertaining to the GI tract, measurement of pressure in the portal system as a sign of obstruction

Front 148

Murphy sign

Back 148

inability to take a deep breath when fingers are pressed firmly below the right arch of the ribs (below the liver)/ Signifies gallbladder disease

Front 149

nasogastric (NG) tube

Back 149

tube that is passed through the nose into the stomach. May be used for emptying the stomach, administering medication, giving liquids, or sampling stomach contents

Front 150

parenteral hyperalimentation

Back 150

Complete intravenous feeding for one who cannot take in food. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

Front 151

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube

Back 151

tube inserted into the stomach for long-term feeding

Front 152

vagotomy

Back 152

interruption of impulses from the vagus nerve to reduce stomach secretions in the treatment of gastric ulcer. Originally done surgically but may also be done with drugs.

Front 153

antacid

Back 153

agent that counteracts acidity, usually gastric acidity

Front 154

antidiarrheal

Back 154

treats or prevents diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility or absorbing irritants and soothing the intestinal lining

Front 155

antiemetic

Back 155

agent that relieves or prevents nausea and vomiting

Front 156

antiflatulent

Back 156

agent that prevents or relieves flatulence

Front 157

antispasmodic

Back 157

agent that relieves spasm, usually of smooth muscle

Front 158

emetic

Back 158

an agent that causes vomiting

Front 159

histamine H2 antagonist

Back 159

drug that decreases secretion of stomach acid by interfering with the action of histamine at H2 receptors. Used to treat ulcers and other GI problems

Front 160

laxative

Back 160

promotes elimination from the large intestine. Types include stimulants, substances that retain water (hyperosmotics), stool softeners, and bulk-forming agents