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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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purines
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double ring of C and N atoms
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pyrimidines
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single ring of C and N atoms
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Chargaff’s Rule
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in any sample of DNA: A=T & C=G
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double helix
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shape of DNA molecule (“twisted ladder/staircase”)
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histones
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proteins in DNA
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nucleosomes
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DNA + histones
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chromatin
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several nucleosomes wound together
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semi-conservative replication
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1 strand of new DNA with each strand of parental DNA
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DNA helicase
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enzyme that unwinds & unzips the double helix
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RNA primase
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enzyme that adds an RNA primer on each DNA strand
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DNA polymerase
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adds nucleotides to new DNA strand
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RNA polymerase
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adds RNA bases
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DNA ligase
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enzyme that connects the two sections of DNA
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Leading strand
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elongated as the DNA unwinds
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Lagging strand
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elongates away from the site of replication
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Okazaki fragments
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small segments of DNA made in pieces (lagging)
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MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)
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transmits info from DNA to make proteins
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RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)
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site of protein assembly (ribosome)
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TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)
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each variety bonds to a specific amino acid
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transcription
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process of how RNA is made from DNA
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introns
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intervening sequences: NOT coded for
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exons
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remaining pieces of DNA: ARE coded for
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codon
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The 3-base code in DNA or mRNA
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translation
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process of assembling proteins
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anticodons
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complementary to codon of mRNA (found on tRNA)
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gene regulation
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when an organism controls genes in response to environment
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operon
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section of DNA: contains genes for a metabolic pathway
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Hox genes
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responsible for the general body pattern of most animals
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mutation
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A permanent change that occurs in a cell’s DNA
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FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS
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CAUSE: the “frame” of AA changed
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EXPANDING MUTATIONS
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CAUSE: adds repeating nucleotides to each generation
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mutagen
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environmental cause of mutations
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