Ch. 11 Pharmacology

Front 1

Absorption

Back 1

The movement of a drug from the site of input into the circulation.

Front 2

Acetylation

Back 2

A mechanism in which a drug is processed by enzymes.

Front 3

Active transport

Back 3

the movement of molecules that occurs with energy input and can occur against concentration gradients.

Front 4

Additive effect

Back 4

The combined effect of two drugs given at the same time that have similar effects.

Front 5

Adrenergic

Back 5

Having the characteristics of the sympathetic division of the ANS.

Front 6

Absorb

Back 6

To gather or stick to a surface in a condensed layer.

Front 7

Adverse effect (reaction)

Back 7

an unintentional, undesirable, and often unpredictable effect of a drug used at therapeutic doses to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease.

Front 8

affinity

Back 8

the intesity or strength of the attraction between a drug and its receptor.

Front 9

agonist

Back 9

a drug that causes a physiologic response in the receptor to which it binds.

Front 10

Alkaloids

Back 10

a group of plant based substances containing nirtogen and found in nature.

Front 11

anaphlactic reaction

Back 11

an unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign substance.

Front 12

antagonist

Back 12

a drug that does not cause a physiologic response when it binds with a receptor.

Front 13

assay

Back 13

a test of a substance to determine its components.

Front 14

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 14

division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates many involuntary processes.

Front 15

bioassay

Back 15

a test that destermines the effects of a substance on an organism and compares the result with some agreed standard.

Front 16

bioavailablity

Back 16

the speed with which and how much of a drug reaches its intended site of action.

Front 17

blood brain barrier

Back 17

a layer of tightly adhered cells that protect the brain and spinal cord from exposure to medications, toxins, and infectious particles.

Front 18

buccal

Back 18

an administration route in which medication is placed in the mouth between the gum and the mucous membrane of the cheek and absorbed into the bloodstream.

Front 19

caplet

Back 19

a tablet with an oblong shape and a film coated covering.

Front 20

capsule

Back 20

small gelatin shell in which a powered or granule form of medication is placed; it is easy to swallow and the shell will not begin to break down until in the GI tract; popular because of a reduced adverse taste when swallowing.

Front 21

Central nervous system (CNS)

Back 21

brain and spinal cord.

Front 22

chemical name

Back 22

a precise description of a drug's chemical composition and molecular structure.

Front 23

cholinergic

Back 23

having the characteristics of the parasympathetic division of the ANS.

Front 24

cross tolerance

Back 24

decreasing responsiveness to the effects of a drug in a drug classification (such as narcotics) and the likelihood of development of decreased responsiveness to another drug in that classification.

Front 25

cumulative action

Back 25

increased intensity of drug action evident after administration of several doses.

Front 26

delayed reaction

Back 26

a delay between exposure and onset of action.

Front 27

desired action

Back 27

the intended beneficial effect of a drug.

Front 28

diffusion

Back 28

the passive transport of solutes (small particles)

Front 29

drug

Back 29

any substance (other than a food or device) intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, relief, treatment, or prevention of disease or intended to affect the structure or function of the body of human beings or animals.

Front 30

distribution

Back 30

the movement of drugs from the bloodstream to target organs.

Front 31

drug allergy

Back 31

the reaction to a medication with an adverse outcome.

Front 32

dosage

Back 32

administration of a therapeutic agent in prescribed amounts.

Front 33

drug antagonism

Back 33

the interaction between two drugs with or in which one partially or completely inhibits the effects of the other.

Front 34

dose

Back 34

the exact amount of medication to be given or taken at one time.

Front 35

downregulation

Back 35

the process by which a cell decreases the number of receptors exposed to a given substance to reduce its sensitivity to that substance.

Front 36

drug dependence

Back 36

a physical need or adaptation to the drug with or without the psychological need to take the drug.

Front 37

drug food interaction

Back 37

changes in a drug's effects caused by food or beverages ingested during the same period.

Front 38

elixir

Back 38

a clear, oral solution that contains the drug, water, and some alcohol.

Front 39

drug interaction

Back 39

the manner in which one drug and a second drug or food act on each other.

Front 40

emulsion

Back 40

a water and oil mixture containing medication.

Front 41

effector

Back 41

the muscle, gland or organ on which the ANS exerts and effect, target organ.

Front 42

endorphins

Back 42

neurotransmitters that function int he transmission of signals within the nervous system.

Front 43

efficacy

Back 43

the ability of a drug to produce a phsiologic response after attaching to a receptor.

Front 44

enteral

Back 44

a drug given for its systemic effects that passes through the digestive tract.

Front 45

elimination

Back 45

the process of removing a drug from the body.

Front 46

enteric coated tablets

Back 46

tablets that have a special coating so they break down in the intestines instead of the stomach.

Front 47

excretion

Back 47

same as elimination

Front 48

gases

Back 48

substances inhaled and absorbed through the respiratory tract.

Front 49

facilitated transport

Back 49

the transport of substances through a protein channel carrier with no energy input.

Front 50

gastric

Back 50

the route used when a tube is placed into the digestive tract, such as a nasogastric, orogastric, or gastrostomy tube.

Front 51

first pass effect

Back 51

the breakdown of a drug in the liver and walls of the intestines before it reaches the systemic circulation.

Front 52

formulary

Back 52

a book that contains a list of medicinal substances with their formulas, uses, and methods of preparation.

Front 53

ganglion

Back 53

the junction betweenthe preganglionic and postganlionic nerves.

Front 54

gel cap

Back 54

soft gelatin shell filled with liquid medication.

Front 55

generic name

Back 55

the name proposed by the first manufacturer when a drug is submitted to the FDA for approval; often an abbreviated form of the drug's chemical name, structure, or formula.

Front 56

glycogenolysis

Back 56

breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

Front 57

glycoside

Back 57

a compound that yields a sugar and one or more other products when its parts are separated.

Front 58

iatrogenic drug response

Back 58

an unintentional disease or drug effect produced by a physician's prescribed therapy.

Front 59

idiosyncrasy

Back 59

the unexpected and usually individual (genetic) adverse response to a drug.

Front 60

gum

Back 60

plant residue used for medicinal or recreational purposes.

Front 61

half life

Back 61

the time required to eliminate half of a substance from the body.

Front 62

hypersensitivity

Back 62

an altered reactivity to a medication that occurs after prior sensitizaton; response is independent of the dose.

Front 63

inhalation

Back 63

a route in which the medication is aerosolized and delivered directly to the lung tissue.

Front 64

interference

Back 64

the ability of one drug to limit the physiologic function of another drug.

Front 65

intracardiac

Back 65

the injection of a drug directly into the heart.

Front 66

intradermal

Back 66

route of the injection of medication between the dermal layers of skin.

Front 67

intralingual

Back 67

direct injection into the underside of the tongue with a small volume of medication.

Front 68

intrathecal

Back 68

the direct deposition of medication into the spinal canal.

Front 69

intramuscular (IM)

Back 69

an injection of medication directly into the muscle.

Front 70

investigational drug

Back 70

a drug not yet approved by the FDA.

Front 71

intranasal

Back 71

the route that offers direct delivery of medications into the nasal passages and sinuses.

Front 72

local effect

Back 72

the effects of a drug at the site where the drug is applied or in the surrounding tissues.

Front 73

intraosseous

Back 73

an administration route used in emergency situations when peripheral venous access is not established; a needle is passed through the cortex of the bone and the medication is infused into the capillary network within the bone matrix.

Front 74

mechanism of action

Back 74

the manner in which a drug works to produce its intended effect.

Front 75

median lethal dose

Back 75

the dose of a medication that kills 50% of the drug tested population.

Front 76

neuropeptide

Back 76

a protein that may interact with a receptor after circulation through the blood.

Front 77

neurotransmitters

Back 77

a chemical released from one nerve that crosses the synaptic cleft to reach a receptor.

Front 78

metabolism

Back 78

the chemical modification of the original drug.

Front 79

metabolites

Back 79

the smaller molecules from the breakdown that occurs during metabolism.

Front 80

nasogastric

Back 80

the admin route used when a nasogastric tube is in place. this bypasses the voluntary swallowing relfex.

Front 81

nonproprietary name

Back 81

generic name

Front 82

offical name

Back 82

a drugs name as listed in the US pharmacopoeia.

Front 83

oils

Back 83

in medicine, substances extracted from flowers, leaves, stems, roots, seeds, or bark for use in therapeutic treatments.

Front 84

Oral

Back 84

a route of administration in which the medication is placed in the mouth and swallowed; the drug is absorbed through the GI tract.

Front 85

parasympatholytics

Back 85

durgs that block or inhibit the function of the parasympathetic receptors.

Front 86

orphan drugs

Back 86

products developed for the diagnosis and/or treatment of rare diseases or conditions, such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis.

Front 87

parasympathomimetics

Back 87

drugs that mimic the parasympathetic division of the ANS.

Front 88

Osmosis

Back 88

the passive movement of water from a higher to a lower concentration.

Front 89

parenteral

Back 89

admin route used for systemic effects and given by a route other than the digestive tract.

Front 90

osmosis

Back 90

the passive movement of water from a higher to a lower concentration.

Front 91

parasympathetic division

Back 91

the division of the ANS responsible for the relaxed state of the body known as "feed and breed."

Front 92

partial agonist

Back 92

a drug that when bound to a receptor may elicit a physiologic response, but it is less than that of an agonist; may also block the response of a competing agonist.

Front 93

passive transport

Back 93

the ability of a substance to tranverse a barrier without any energy input; generally occurs from a higher to a lower concentration.

Front 94

peripheral nervous system

Back 94

all the nerves outside the CNS

Front 95

pharmacology

Back 95

the study of the drugs, including their actions and effects on the host.

Front 96

pharmacopoeia

Back 96

a book describing drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations in a country or specific geographic area, including a description of the drug, its formula, and dosage.

Front 97

pharmaceutics

Back 97

the science of preparing and dispensing drugs

Front 98

pill

Back 98

dried powder forms of medication in the form of a small pellet; the term pill has been replaced with tablet and capsule.

Front 99

pharmacogenetics

Back 99

the study of inherited differences (variation) in drug metabolism and response.

Front 100

pharmacokinetics

Back 100

the process by which a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and elmininated by the body.

Front 101

placental barrier

Back 101

many layers of cells that form between maternal and fetal circulation that protect the fetus from toxins.

Front 102

plasma level profile

Back 102

the measurment of blood level of a medication versus the dosage administered.

Front 103

polypharmacy

Back 103

the concurrent use of several medications.

Front 104

preganglionic neuron

Back 104

the nerve that extends from the spinal cord (CNS) to the ganglion.

Front 105

prodrug

Back 105

a substance that is inactive when it is given and is converted to an active form within the body.

Front 106

postganglionic neuron

Back 106

the nerve that travels from the ganglia to the desired organ or tissue.

Front 107

potentiation

Back 107

a prolongation or increase in the effect of a drug by another drug.

Front 108

powder

Back 108

medication ground into a fine substance

Front 109

receptor

Back 109

a molecule, such as a protein, found inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance (such as hormones, antigens, drugs, or neurotransmitters) and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell.

Front 110

rectal

Back 110

the drug admin route for suppositories; the drug is placed into the rectum and is absorbed into the venous circulation.

Front 111

second messenger

Back 111

a molecule that relays signals from a receptor on the surface of a cell to target molecules in teh cells nucleus or internal fluid where a physiologic action is to take place; aka biochemical messenger.

Front 112

spirit

Back 112

a medication that contains volatile aromatic substances.

Front 113

steady state

Back 113

an evenly distributed concentration of a drug in the plasma.

Front 114

side effect

Back 114

an effect of a drug other than the one for which it was given; may or may not be harmful.

Front 115

subcutaneous

Back 115

injection of medication in a liquid form underneath the skin into the subcutaneous tissue.

Front 116

solubility

Back 116

pertaining to the ease with which a drug can dissolve.

Front 117

solution

Back 117

a medication dissolved in a liquid, often water.

Front 118

somatic nervous system

Back 118

division of the peripheral nervous system whose motor nerves control movement of voluntary muscles.

Front 119

sublingual

Back 119

medication placed under the tongue.

Front 120

summation

Back 120

the combined effects of two or more drugs are equal to the sum of each of their effects.

Front 121

suppository

Back 121

medications combined to make them a solid at room temp; when placed in a body opening such as the rectum, vagina, or urethra, they dissolve because of the increase in body temp and are absorbed through the surrounding mucosa.

Front 122

sympathomimetics

Back 122

drugs that mimic the sympathetic division of the ANS.

Front 123

synaptic junction

Back 123

the open space in which neurotransmitters traverse to reach a receptor.

Front 124

suspension

Back 124

medication suspended in a liquid, such as an oral antibiotic.

Front 125

synergism

Back 125

the interaction of drugs such that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects.

Front 126

sympathetic division

Back 126

the division of the ANS that prepares the body for stress or the classic fight or flight response.

Front 127

synthetic drugs

Back 127

drugs chemically developed in a lab; aka manufactured drugs.

Front 128

sympatholytics

Back 128

drugs that block or inhibit adrenergic receptors.

Front 129

syrup

Back 129

a med dissolved in water with sugar or a sugar substitute to disguise taste.

Front 130

systemic effect

Back 130

drug action throughout the body.

Front 131

tablets

Back 131

medications that have beenpressed into a small form that is easy to swallow. They have a specific shape, color, and may have engraving for identification.

Front 132

therapeutic dose

Back 132

the dose required to produce a beneficial effect in 50% of the drug tested population; aka effective dose.

Front 133

therapeutic index (TI)

Back 133

the ratio of the amount of drug to produce a therapeutic dose compared with the amount of drug that produces a lethal dose.

Front 134

tachyphylaxis

Back 134

the rapildy decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after admin of a few doses; rapid cross tolerance.

Front 135

teratogen

Back 135

a drug or agent that is harmful to the development of an embryo or fetus.

Front 136

therapeutic threshold

Back 136

the level of a drug that elicits a beneficial physiologic response.

Front 137

tincture

Back 137

a medicine consisting of an extract in an alcohol solution; examples include tincture of iodine, tincture of mecurochrome.

Front 138

tolerance

Back 138

decreasing responsiveness to the effects of a drug; increasingly larger doses are necessary to achieve the effect orginally obtained by a smaller dose.

Front 139

topical

Back 139

on the skin.

Front 140

upregulation

Back 140

the process by which a cell increases the number of receptors exposed to a given substance to improve its sensitivity to that substance.

Front 141

trade name

Back 141

the name given a chemical compound by the company that makes it; aka brand name or proprietary name.

Front 142

transdermal

Back 142

through the skin

Front 143

umbilical

Back 143

an admin route that may be used on a newborn infant; because the umbilical cord was the primary source of nutrient and waste exchange, it provides an immediate source of drug exchange.