Ch 11: Homeostasis

Front 1

cortex

Back 1

outermost part

Front 2

medulla

Back 2

sit beneath cortex

Front 3

deepest layer of kidney

Back 3

renal pelvis
*renal artery/vein and ureter enter/exit here

Front 4

portal system? and kidneys do they have it

Back 4

-made of 2 sets of capillaries in series
-yes

Front 5

describe blood supply in kidney

Back 5

-2 sets of arterioles
-afferent: into capillaries
-efferent: out from capillaries
-renal artery into medulla/cortex branches as afferent arterioles
-glomeruli=capillaries from these afferent
-blood passes through glomerulus then efferent lead blood away from it into second set of capillaries ie vasa recta

Front 6

glomerulus surrounded by bowmans capsule leads to (5)

Back 6

-proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of henle, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Front 7

osmoregulation

Back 7

-filtration, secretion and reabsorption to have salt/water balance

Front 8

filtration

Back 8

-first step for nephron
-blood filtered into bowman= filtrate
-filtrate comp: blood - proteins/cells, is isotonic (no swelling)
-if too large for glomerulus, blood go to efferent arterioles--> vasa recta
-if filtered and not reabsorbed then lost from body

Front 9

blood cells/proteins in urine mean

Back 9

problem with glomerulus/filtration

Front 10

secretion

Back 10

-nephron secrete salts, acids/bases and urea into tubule
-via active/passive transport
-also used to rid of wastes that couldn't pass through glomerulus

Front 11

reabsorption

Back 11

-filtered/secreted material may be reabsorbed back
-glucose/proteins ALWAYS reabsorbed

Front 12

kidneys maintain osmoregulation by (2)

Back 12

-osmolarity gradients
-selective permeability

Front 13

selective permeability of kidneys

Back 13

-reabsorption of most things (like water) in proximal/distal tubules
-reabsorption in ascending/descending loop and collecting ducts more selective
-descending: permeable to water NOT salt
-ascending: permeable to salt NOT water
-collecting duct: permeable to water, amount varies

Front 14

osmolarity gradient in kidneys

Back 14

-kidney alters osmolarity of tissue around tubules (interstitum)

Front 15

countercurrent multiplier system

Back 15

-osmolarity gradient+selective permeability ability of kidneys
-changing the two allow for nephron system to work properly

Front 16

flow of filtrate

Back 16

-proximal tubule: most things+water reabsorbed
-descending limb: conc of tissue around increase (hypertonic) drive water out-->filtrate osmolarity=interstitium
-ascending limb: conc around tubule decrease-->salt active transport from filtrate out
-distal convoluted: maintain same conc as cortex via reabsorbing salt/water in =amount
-final conc of urine depend on collecting duct permeability (increase perm=increase water removed ie conc urine)
*water not reabsorbed by itself
*move ions to make gradients then get osmosis

Front 17

collecting duct controlled by (2)

Back 17

adh, aldosterone

Front 18

aldosterone

Back 18

-steroid hormone
-affect permeability of collecting duct
-from adrenal cortex when BV decreases (BP also decrease)/increase angiotensin
-affect collecting duct reabsorbing Na, increase Na reabsorb=increase water reabsorb=increase BP/BV
-increases K excretion

Front 19

block aldosterone receptor

Back 19

-less sodium ie less water reabsorbed, decreases BV/BP
-drug for hypertension people

Front 20

ADH

Back 20

-aka vasopressin
-peptide hormone
-increase water reabsorption at collecting duct by increasing permeability
-posterior pit stores it, hypothalamus makes
-secreted when blood osmolarity high

Front 21

alcohol/caffeine __ADH

Back 21

block

Front 22

excretion

Back 22

-everything still in tubule
-collecting duct final point ie no more transporting in/out
-into renal pelvis-->ureter-->bladder-->urethra

Front 23

(3) should be absent form urine

Back 23

blood, protein, glucose
-RBC seen= glomerulus problem (RBC shouldn't pass too large)
-glucose/protein seen= not properly reabsorbed

Front 24

nutrients of digestion go to liver via

Back 24

hepatic portal vein

Front 25

liver regulates blood___
liver eliminates ___waste via

Back 25

-glucose
-nitrogen, urea

Front 26

liver and its glucose regulation

Back 26

-stores glucose ias glycogen
-gluconeogenesis: makes glucose

Front 27

when short on glucose body uses amino acids explain how

Back 27

-deaminate-->toxic ammonia
-liver take ammonia+CO2-->urea

Front 28

large intestine and homeostasis

Back 28

-reabsorb salts/water
-DOESNT affect fluid balance
-directly secreting metals/ions into solid waste

Front 29

skin comes from___germ layer

Back 29

ectodermal

Front 30

skin layers (3)

Back 30

-epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous)

Front 31

epidermis

Back 31

-corneum,lucidum,granulosum, spinosum,basalis
-deepest layer-->proliferation
-cells from basalis rise up eventually lose nuclei
-

Front 32

tight packing of cells in skin for (2)

Back 32

-immune function
-prevent loss of fluids/salts

Front 33

dermis

Back 33

-papillary layer:loose CT
-reticular layer: denser
*sweat glands, sense organs , blood vessels, follicles here

Front 34

hypodermis

Back 34

-CT connects skin to body
-

Front 35

melanocytes

Back 35

in skin
contain melanin (pigment)
protect from UV

Front 36

skin is receptor for touch and___
skins thermoregulation uses (3)

Back 36

-temp
-vasodilation/constriction and sweating
-dilation increases convection and heat loss constriction opposite

Front 37

prevent heat loss by

Back 37

-fat insulates/stores energy
-hair traps heat
-muscle contractions/relaxation (ex shivering) release heat

Front 38

endotherm (or homeotherms) vs ectotherms(cold blooded)

Back 38

endotherms: maintain constant temp
ectotherms: temp depends on environment

Front 39

torpor=

Back 39

-decreased arousal
-see during excessive heat or cold period in animals

Front 40

aestivate

Back 40

like hibernation but during warm months ex of torpor

Front 41

hibernation

Back 41

during winter months, ex of torpor

Front 42

in aestivate/hibernation

Back 42

metabolic rate, HR, respiration way below normal good so don't waste too much energy