Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Organic Agriculture |
Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.
|
|
|
Agriculture |
The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber. |
|
|
Primary Economic Activity |
Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-----such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.
|
|
|
Secondary Economic Activity |
Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.
|
|
|
Tertiary Economic Activity |
Economic activity associated with the provision of services-----such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.
|
|
|
Quaternary Economic Activity |
Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.
|
|
|
Quinary Economic Activity |
Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge of technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.
|
|
|
Plant domestication |
Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention.
|
|
|
Root Crop |
Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of the cuttings from the plants. |
|
|
Seed Crop |
Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants. |
|
|
First Agricultural Revoultion |
Around 10,000 B.C., the First Agricultural Revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication. It is also known as the Neolithic Revolution.
|
|
|
Animal Domestication |
Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.
|
|
|
Subsistence Agriculture |
Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade.
|
|
|
Shifting Cultivation |
Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning.
|
|
|
Slash-and-burn-agriculture |
See shifting cultivation. |
|
|
Second Agricultural Revoultion |
Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agricultural Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce. (Around 1815 to 1880)
|
|
|
Von Thunen Model |
A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market.
|
|
|
Third Agricultural Revoultion |
Also called the Green Revolution, the Third Agricultural Revolution has as its principal orientation the development of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). (Around the 1960s to the present)
|
|
|
Green Revoultion |
The recently successful development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food need. Also called the third Agricultural Revolution.
|
|
|
Genetically Modified Organisms |
Crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods.
|
|
|
Rectangular Survey System |
Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the U.S. Land Office to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.
|
|
|
Township-and-range-system |
A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior. See also rectangular survey system.
|
|
|
Metes and Bounds System |
A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the U.S. Land Office abandoned the technique in favor of the rectangular survey system.
|
|
|
Long-Lot Survey System |
Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritime, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.
|
|
|
Primogeniture
|
System in which the eldest son in a family--or, in exceptional cases, daughter--inherits all of a dying parent's land.
|
|
|
Commercial Agriculture |
Term used to describe large-scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latest technology.
|
|
|
Monoculture |
Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.
|
|
|
Koppen Climate Classification System |
Developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation.
|
|
|
Climate Regions |
Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics.
|
|
|
Plantation Agriculture |
Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, man have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives.
|
|
|
Livestock Ranching |
The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool.
|
|
|
Mediterranean Agriculture |
Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails.
|
|
|
Luxury Crops |
Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.
|
|
|
Agribusiness |
General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry.
|
|
|
Food Desert |
An area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh and nutritious food.
|
|
|
Cash Crops |
Crops grown for profit on a mass scale, such as cotton.
|
|
|
Agglomeration |
Process involving the clustering or concentrating of people/activities. Often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.
|
|
|
Break-of-bulk-theory |
Location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, cargoes of ships are unloaded and put on trains and trucks for inland distribution.
|
|
|
Commodification |
The process through which something is given monetary value
|
|
|
Deindustrialization |
A phenomenon characterized by a share of total employment falling dramatically in more-developed countries.
|
|
|
Flexible Production System |
A system of industrial production characterized by a set of processes in which the components of goods are made in different places around the globe and then brought together as needed to meet consumer demand.
|
|
|
Fordist |
Highly organized and specialized system or organizing industrial production and labor. Named after automobile producer Henry Ford, Fordist production features assembly line production of standardized components for mass consumption.
|
|
|
Friction of Distance |
Increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance.
|
|
|
Global Division of Labor |
Phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world.
|
|
|
Globalization |
The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact.
|
|
|
Growth Pole
|
A point of economic growth, usually an urban location, benefiting from agglomeration economies, and interacting with surrounding areas spreading wealth from the core to the periphery.
|
|
|
Industrial Revolution |
Social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce and manufacturing that resulted from technological innovations and specialization in late-eighteenth-century Europe.
|
|
|
Intermodal Connections |
Places where two or more modes of transportation meet (including air, road, rail, barge, and ship).
|
|
|
Just-in-time-delivery |
Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production.
|
|
|
Least Cost Theory |
Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.
|
|
|
Newly Industrializing Countries |
States that underwent industrialization after World War II and whose economies have grown at a rapid pace.
|
|
|
Offshore |
With reference to production, to outsource to a third party located outside of the country. Ex: Ford Motor Company's car parts being made in Mexico.
|
|
|
Outsoruced |
With reference to production, to turn over to a third party in part or in total. Ex: outsource call-center service jobs to India.
|
|
|
Product Life Cycle |
The introduction, growth, maturation, and decline of a product.
|
|
|
Rust Belt |
The post-industrial region of the Northeast and Midwest, referring to its economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once powerful industrial sector.
|
|
|
Spatial Fix |
The movement of production from one site to another based on the place-based cost advantages of the new site.
|
|
|
Sun Belt |
The South and Southwest regions of the U.S. where the climate is warm.
|
|
|
Technopole |
Centers or nodes of high tech research and activity around the high-technology corridor.
|
|
|
Vertical Intergration |
Ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist along a variety of points on a commodity chain.
|
|
|
World Trade Organization (WTO) |
Organization of 100+ governments who work to promote freer trade among member states.
|
