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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gene Expression
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the activation or "turning on" of a gene that results in transcription and the production of mRNA
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Structural Gene
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genes that code for polypeptides
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Promoter
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DNA segment that is recognized by the enzyme RNA polymerase
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Operator
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DNA segment that serves as a kind of "switch"by controlling the access of RNA polymerase to the promoter; controls the ability of RNA polymerase to move along the structural genes
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Operon
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series of genes that code for specific products and the regulatory elements that control these genes; made of the structural genes, the promoter, and the operator
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lac operon
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studied by Jacob and Monod, made of structural genes that code for enzymes that regulate lactose metabolism in E. coli
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repressor protein
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protein that inhibits genes from being expressed
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repressor genes
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codes for repressor proteins and located some distance from the operators they affect
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inducer
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molecule that initiates gene expression
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eukaryotic DNA
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organized as fibers of chromatin wrapped around small specialized proteins called histones
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chromosomes
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seen prior to mitosis or meiosis, extremely tightly coiled DNA and histones
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euchromatin
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uncoiled, relaxed form of regions of DNA, the site of active transcription of DNA into RNA
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introns
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found in eukaryotic genes beyond the promoter; a section of a structural gene that are transcribed but are not translated
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exons
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the sections of a structural gene that, when expressed , are transcribed and translated
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Pre-mRNA
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form of messenger RNA that contains both introns and exons
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ribozymes
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RNA molecules that act as enzymes
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spliceosomes
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complex assemblies of RNA and protein that split the pre-mRNA at each end of an intron and join the exons
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transcription factors
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regulatory proteins found in eukaryotic cells
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enhancers
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located far, thousands of nucleotide bases, away from the promoter. a loop of DNA may bring the enhancer and its activator (the attached transcription factor) into contact with the RNA polymerase and transcription factors at the promoter
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Cell Differentiation
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development of cells that have specialized functions
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morphogenesis
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the development of form in an organism
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homeotic genes
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regulatory genes that determine where certain anatomical structures will develop in an organism during morphogenesis
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homeobox
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specific DNA sequence within a homeotic gene; codes for proteins that regulate patterns of development
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DNA chip
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tool for tracking gene expression, a microscopic grid with thousands of known DNA fragments that are "tagged" with a fluorescent compound
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proto-oncogenes
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genes which regulate cell growth, cel division, and the ability of cells to adhere to one another
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oncogene
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a gene that can cause uncontrolled cell proliferation
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tumor
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an abnormal proliferation of cells that results from uncontrolled, abnormal cell division. If a benign tumor, all the cells remain within a mass
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malignant tumor
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uncontolled dividing cells that may invade and destroy healthy tissues
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tumor-suppressor genes
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genes that act as 'brakes" by coding for proteins that prevent cell division from occurring too often
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metastasis
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the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
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carcinogene
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any substance that can induce or promote cancer, most are mutagenes, agents that cause mutations to occur within a cell
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examples of mutagenes
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tobacco smoke, asbestos, ionizing radiation, ultrviolet light from the sun, human papilloma virus (cervical cancer)
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carcinoma
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cancer of the skin and tissues that line the organs of the body (ex: lung cancer, and breast cancer)
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sarcoma
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cancers of bone, and muscle tissue
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विपक्षः
vipakṣa |
enemy
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