Ch 11 Bio Bases Emotions

Front 1

Behavioral response of emotion have 3 components

Back 1

Behavioral
Autonomic
Hormonal

Front 2

Behavioral component of the behavioral response

Back 2

– muscular movements that are appropriate to the situation that elicits them

----Neocortex/frontal lobe

Front 3

Autonomic component of the Behavioral response of emotion

Back 3

– facilitate the behaviors and provide quick mobilization of energy for vigorous movement

----heart rate increase, blood pressure rises, temperature increase, sweating, etc.

***Limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala)

Front 4

Hormonal component of the Behavioral response of emotion

Back 4

reinforce the autonomic responses

----Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine) increase blood flow to muscles (nutrients  glucose)

----Adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones

----hypothalamus

Front 5

Darwin related to emotions

Back 5

emotional expressions are innate, unlearned responses

Front 6

Ekman & Freisman related to emotion

Back 6

studied ability of members of an isolated New Guinea tribe to recognize facial expressions of emotion produced by Westerners (see next slide)

---Confirmed Darwin’s hypothesis

Front 7

Izard related to emotion

Back 7

compared facial expressions of blind and normally sighted children

----Facial expressions are very similar

----Emotional expression is universal

Front 8

Pletchik related to emotion

Back 8

(functionalism) discussed emotions from a functional perspective

--Emotions enhance our survival and are tied to adaptive behavior
Emotions exist on a continuum – as emotions become more intense, it is more difficult to distinguish between them (i.e. so happy you cry)

Front 9

PNS

Back 9

related to fight or flight

Front 10

Sympathetic NS

Back 10

helps animal expend energy (excitation)
---Norepinephrine
---Epinephrine
----Adrenaline

Front 11

Parasympathetic NS

Back 11

turning to calm

– storing energy; keeps organism calm

--Decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Front 12

PNS two parts

Back 12

Parasympathetic
sympathetic

Front 13

Brain components related to emotion

Back 13

neocortex/frontal lobe
hypothalamus
Limbic system: hippocampus and amygdala

Front 14

Frontal lobe

Back 14

gives meaning to the emotion
Emotional component of emotion – perception of emotion; social interpretation of emotion (gives meaning to the emotional response

Front 15

apathy

Back 15

connection between cingulate gyrus and frontal lobe; lack of drive, NOT depression

-- opposite to emotion
--complete lack of emotion

Front 16

Parasympathetic NS

Back 16

turning to calm

– storing energy; keeps organism calm

--Decreased heart rate and blood pressure

Front 17

PNS two parts

Back 17

Parasympathetic
sympathetic

Front 18

Brain components related to emotion

Back 18

neocortex/frontal lobe
hypothalamus
Limbic system: hippocampus and amygdala

Front 19

Frontal lobe

Back 19

gives meaning to the emotion
Emotional component of emotion – perception of emotion; social interpretation of emotion (gives meaning to the emotional response

Front 20

apathy

Back 20

connection between cingulate gyrus and frontal lobe; lack of drive, NOT depression

-- opposite to emotion
--complete lack of emotion

Front 21

Limbic System

Back 21

generally, responsible for the physical responses of emotion

Hippocampus
Amygdala – key player in emotion

Front 22

Amygdala

Back 22

1) in limbic system, located in temporal lobe
2) emotional response and emotional regulation
3) recognition of facial expression of fear
4) physiological and bx reactions to situations with biological significance

Front 23

emotion response

Back 23

Amygdala reacts sends to the frontal lobe, the frontal lobe then reasons, problem solves, and inhibits/moderates the amydala

Front 24

Amygdala nuclei

Back 24

Medial nucleus: reproductive functions; receive sensory input and relay info to medial basal forebrain and
hypothalamus

central nucleus:
Lateral nucleus (LA): receives sensory info from neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampal formation; sends info to ventral striatum (effects of reinforcing stimuli on learning), dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, basal and accessory basal nuclei

Basal Nucleus (B): sends info to the central nucleus

Accessory Basal Nucleus (AB): sends info to the central nucleus

Front 25

Central nucleus:

Back 25

Emotional responses to aversive stimuli; hormonal responses to stress; can learn that a situation is dangerous

Front 26

Activation of central nucleus

Back 26

elicits a variety of emotional responses: behavioral, autonomic, and hormonal

Front 27

Central nucleus is activated by...

Back 27

adversive stimulus: threatening

is the single most important part of the brain for the expression of emotional responses

Front 28

damage to central nucleus

Back 28

Reduces or abolishes a wide range of emotional behaviors and physiological responses

-Animals no longer show signs of fear when confronted with aversive stimuli, their blood levels of stress hormones are lower, and they are less likely to develop stress-induced illnesses

Front 29

stimulation of central nucleues

Back 29

Physiological and behavioral signs of fear and agitation
Long-term stimulation produces stress-induced illnesses

Front 30

central nucleus communicates with

Back 30

hypothalamus to release stress hormones

Front 31

Research on damage and stimulation of the central nucleus suggests that

Back 31

the autonomic and endocrine responses controlled by the central nucleus are among those responsible for the harmful effects of long-term stress

Front 32

Conditioned emotional response

Back 32

a classically conditioned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an aversive stimulus

--Usually includes autonomic, behavioral, and hormonal components
--------Increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, secretion of stress-related hormones, and freezing behavior

Front 33

Amygdala & CER

Back 33

Amygdala lesions = no CER to fear

Damage to the amygdala interferes with the effects of emotions on memory

Central nucleus – plays a role in learned behavior to an aversive stimulus (CER)

Front 34

delusions and hallucinations

Back 34

central nucleus is over stimulated
causes over reaction, over interputs aversive stimuli

Front 35

LeDoux

Back 35

investigated the role of the amygdala in the development of CERs

rats and shock with tone

Proved Central nucleus palys a critical role in the learning of adversive stimuli

Front 36

anxiety diosrders are caused by

Back 36

Anxiety disorders are caused by hyperactivity of the central nucleus

Front 37

benzodiazepines

Back 37

Inhibit activity of the central nucleus

Front 38

Lesion of R amygdala

Back 38

– startle response not augmented by an unpleasant emotion
-----Showed same response regardless of the nature of the photograph

Front 39

Bilateral degeneration of the amygdala

Back 39

no increase in memory to emotion-laden events (i.e. story of an accident told along with gruesome pictures of the injuries)

Front 40

Degeneration of amygdala

Back 40

– Alzheimer’s patients who had witnessed a devastating earthquake were less likely to remember it the more their amygdala was degenerated

Front 41

Amygdala damage

Back 41

able to recognize happy and sad musical styles, but unable to recognize scary music (normally associated with fear)

Front 42

Functional Imaging Studies

Back 42

Emotionally arousing films – increased activity of the R amygdala

Threatening words – increased activity of the amygdala bilaterally (see picture)

Front 43

Orbitofrontal cortex

Back 43

responsible for interpreting/analyzing social scenarios; emotional reactions to complex social situations

Located at the base of the frontal lobes just above the eyes

Front 44

Prefrontal lobotomies:

Back 44

past treatment for OCD or Social Anxiety D/O
Surgeons used to perform the surgery using an ice pick to “rewire” neural circuits behind the eye socket

Transorbital leucotome surgeries

Front 45

Damage to orbitofrontal cortex:

Back 45

Pronounced social deficits (cannot read or interpret social cues)
Irresponsible
Cannot follow through on anything

Front 46

Cingulate gyrus

Back 46

connection between amygdala and frontal lobe

not fully developed in adolescents

Front 47

communication process between the amygdala and frontal lobe

Back 47

1) Amygdala emotionally fires

2) cingulate gyrus takes emotional info to the frontal lobe for processing

3) frontal lobe decides what to do with that emotion

Front 48

Extraverts vs. Introverts

Back 48

Extraverts = increased level of activation of the cingulate gyrus

Introverts = reduced activation of the cingulate gyrus

Front 49

Akinetic Mutism

Back 49

Caused by extreme damage of the cingulate gyrus
Person stops talking altogether
Behavioral repertoire is limited
Have functional capacity to speak, but their cingulate gyrus is inhibited

Front 50

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Back 50

Emotion-producing situations elicit an appropriate set of physiological responses and behaviors

The brain receives sensory feedback from the muscles and from the organs that produce these responses and it is this feedback that constitutes our feeling of emotion

Front 51

Comprehension of emotion from word meaning

Back 51

bilateral increase in prefrontal cortex activity; L more than R

Front 52

Comprehension of emotion from tone of voice

Back 52

increase activity of R prefrontal cortex

Front 53

Facial expressions of emotion

Back 53

are automatic and involuntary

Front 54

anterior cingulate cortex

Back 54

muscular movements that produce laughter

Front 55

When people show emotions w/ their facial muscles

Back 55

left side of the face usually makes a more intense expression

Front 56

L hemis lesions

Back 56

does NOT usually impair vocal expressions of emotion

EX: Wernicke’s aphasia – modulate their voice according to mood, even though the words they say make no sense

Front 57

R hemis lesions

Back 57

impair expression of emotion, both facially and by the tone of voice

Front 58

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Back 58

1) Perception of the stimulus (see a viscous dog)
2) Stimulus causes a body change
3) As a result of body response we then experience the emotion

emotions result from feedback from our body

Front 59

PET studies of cerebral blood flow
on Comprehension of emotion from word meaning found

Back 59

bilateral increase in prefrontal cortex activity; L more than R

Front 60

PET studies of cerebral blood flow on Comprehension of emotion from tone of voice found

Back 60

increase activity of R prefrontal cortex

Front 61

Facial expressions of emotion are

Back 61

automatic and involuntary

****is not easy to produce a realistic facial expression of emotion when we do not really feel that way

Front 62

anterior cingulate cortex and emotion

Back 62

muscular movements that produce laughter

Front 63

When people show emotions w/ their facial muscles, the _____ side of the face usually makes a more ______expression

Back 63

left; intense

Front 64

L hemis lesions effect on emotion

Back 64

does NOT usually impair vocal expressions of emotion

Front 65

R hemis lesions effect on emotion

Back 65

impair expression of emotion, both facially and by the tone of voice

Front 66

Volitional facial paresis

Back 66

difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily
Dmg to face region of primary motor cortex or its subcortical connections
Cannot voluntarily move facial muscles, but will express a genuine emotion w/ those muscles

Front 67

Emotional facial paresis

Back 67

lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions in people who have no difficulty moving these
Dmg to insular region of prefrontal cortex, white matter of frontal lobe, or parts of thalamus
Can move their face muscles voluntarily but do not express emotions on the affected side of the face

Front 68

When people show emotions w/ their facial muscles, the _____ side of the face usually makes a more ______expression

Back 68

left; intense

Front 69

L hemis lesions effect on emotion

Back 69

does NOT usually impair vocal expressions of emotion

Front 70

R hemis lesions effect on emotion

Back 70

impair expression of emotion, both facially and by the tone of voice

Front 71

Volitional facial paresis

Back 71

difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily
Dmg to face region of primary motor cortex or its subcortical connections
Cannot voluntarily move facial muscles, but will express a genuine emotion w/ those muscles

Front 72

Emotional facial paresis

Back 72

lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions in people who have no difficulty moving these
Dmg to insular region of prefrontal cortex, white matter of frontal lobe, or parts of thalamus
Can move their face muscles voluntarily but do not express emotions on the affected side of the face

Front 73

facial paresis conditions indicate

Back 73

that different brain mechanisms are responsible for voluntary movements of the facial muscles and automatic, involuntary expression of emotions involving the same muscles

Front 74

agression shared with animals

Back 74

Brain stem

Front 75

ventral tegmental area

Back 75

involved in offensive aggressive

Front 76

Ventral pariaqueductal grey

Back 76

predatory aggression

Front 77

Dorsal PAG

Back 77

defensive and rage aggression

Front 78

periaqueductal grey sends info to the _______ and _________

Back 78

hypothalamus and amygdala

Front 79

two regions play improtant role in defensive rage

Back 79

hypothalamus and amygdala

Front 80

lesion amygdala

Back 80

make less aggressive

Front 81

Aggressive behaviors

Back 81

Threat behaviors: consist of postures of gestures that warn the adversary to leave or it will become the target of an attack. Not planned

Defensive behaviors: threat behaviors or an actual attack against the animal that is threatening it

Submissive behaviors: behaviors that indicate that it accepts defeat and will not challenge the animal

Predation: the attack of a member of one species on that of another, usually because the latter serves as food for the former. Planned

Front 82

NT involved in aggression

Back 82

Serotonin

Front 83

Serotonin is _________ in aggression

Back 83

inhibitory

the more serotonin the less aggression

Front 84

Destruction of serotonergic axons in the forebrain

Back 84

increase aggression

Front 85

Testosterone

Back 85

Aggression in male and female rats appears to be facilitated by testosterone

Front 86

Medial preoptic area (MPA):

Back 86

mediates effects of androgens on intermale aggression

Front 87

Injection of testosterone into the MPA ________

Back 87

increases aggressive behavior

Front 88

Androgens

Back 88

Organizational and activational effect on offensive attacks (male sexual behavior)

Front 89

Androgen effects on human behavior

Back 89

Promote aggressive behavior
Primary effect of androgens may be to increase motivation to achieve dominance