Ch. 11-12

Front 1

A measure of potential energy generated by separated charge, also called potential difference or potential

Back 1

Voltage

Front 2

Flow of electical charge (ion) between two points. Can be used to do work and flow is dependent on voltage and resistance

Back 2

Current

Front 3

Hindrance to charge flow; insulator and conductor

Back 3

Resistance

Front 4

Substance with high electrical resistance

Back 4

Insulator

Front 5

Substance with low electical resistance

Back 5

Conductor

Front 6

Is a master controlling and communicating system of the body

Back 6

Nervous system

Front 7

Time in which neurons cannot trigger another AP is

Back 7

Refractory period

Front 8

Allows AP to be transmitted from origin down entire axon length toward terminals is

Back 8

Propagation

Front 9

Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

Back 9

Sensory input

Front 10

Processing and interpretation of sensory input

Back 10

Integration

Front 11

Activation of effector organs produces a response

Back 11

Motor output

Front 12

Contains the brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity. Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output

Back 12

Central Nervous system (CNS)

Front 13

The portion of the nervous system that consists of mainly nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord

Back 13

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Front 14

Sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) divisions are two functional divisions of

Back 14

PNS

Front 15

Somatic sensory and visceral sensory fibers are part of what division

Back 15

Sensory (afferent) division

Front 16

Convery impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints to the CNS

Back 16

Somatic sensory fibers

Front 17

Convery impulses from visceral organs to the CNS

Back 17

Visceral sensory fibers

Front 18

Somatic motor nerve fibers conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles and is voluntary

Back 18

Somatic nervous system

Front 19

Neuroglia is

Back 19

Nervous tissue histology

Front 20

Glial cells; Small cells that surround and wrap delivate neurons

Back 20

Neuroglia

Front 21

Nerve cells; excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

Back 21

Neurons

Front 22

Are the structural units of nervous system, high specialized cells, extreme longevity, amitotic and a high metabolic rate

Back 22

Neuron

Front 23

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS

Back 23

Nuclei

Front 24

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

Back 24

Ganglia

Front 25

Armlike processs that extend from the body cell

Back 25

Neuron processes

Front 26

It contains both neuron cell bodies and their processes

Back 26

CNS

Front 27

It contains chiefly neuron processes

Back 27

PNS

Front 28

Bundles of neuron processes in CNS

Back 28

Tracts

Front 29

Bundles of neuron processes in PNS

Back 29

nerves

Front 30

Motor neurons contain these short, tapering, diffusely branched processes. Conveys incoming messages toward cells body as graded potential

Back 30

Dendrites

Front 31

Each neuron has one axon that starts at cone-shaped area called

Back 31

axon hillock

Front 32

Long axons are called

Back 32

Nerve fibers

Front 33

Axons have occasional branches called

Back 33

axon collaterals

Front 34

are the conducting region of neurons, and generates nerve impules and transmits them along them axonlemma to the axon terminal

Back 34

Axons

Front 35

Composed of myelin, a whitish, protein-lipid substance

Back 35

Myelin sheath

Front 36

Functions of myelin include protect and electrically insulate axon and increase speed of nerve impluse transmission

Back 36

.

Front 37

Segmented sheath surrounds most long or large diameter axons

Back 37

Myelinated fibers

Front 38

Myelinationin in the PNS is formed by schwann cells and wrapped around axons in jelly roll fashion. Myelin sheath gaps-gaps between adjacent schwann cells where axon collaterals can emerge

Back 38

.

Front 39

Myelin sheaths in the CNS is formes by processes of oligodendrocytes, each cell can wrap up to 60 axons at once

Back 39

.

Front 40

A myelin sheath in the CNS, regions of brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers

Back 40

White matter

Front 41

A myelin sheath in the CNS, mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

Back 41

Gray matter

Front 42

Sensory neuron transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward the CNS,

The motor carries the impuses from CNS to effectors,

Interneurons lie between the sensory and motor neurons(shuttle signals)

Back 42

...

Front 43

Two main types of ions channels,in which protiens are open/closed, are

Back 43

Leakage and gated

Front 44

A gated channel open only with binding of a specific chemical

Back 44

Chemically gated

Front 45

A gated channel that opens and closes in response to changes in membrane potential

Back 45

Voltage gated

Front 46

A gated channel that opens and closes in response to physical deformations of receptors, as in sensory recpetors

Back 46

Mechanically gated

Front 47

Resting membrane potientiinal: the cytoplasmic side of membrane is negatively charged relative to the outisde. The membrane is said to be polarized

Back 47

.

Front 48

ECF higher concentration of Na

ICF higher concentration of K

Back 48

.

Front 49

Decrease in membrane potential

Back 49

Depolarization

Front 50

Increase in membrane potential

Back 50

Hyperpolarization

Front 51

Four main steps for generating action potential are

Back 51

Resting state

Depolarization

Repolarization

Hyperpolarization

Front 52

Resting state: all gated NA and K channels are closed, resting membrane potential

Depolarization: Na channels are open and Na rushes into the cell

Repolarization: Na channels are inactivated and K opens, membrane returns to resting membrane potential

Hyperpolarization: some K channels remain open and Na resets

Back 52

.

Front 53

A major neuroglia seen in PNS that surround neuron cell bodies

Back 53

Satellite cells

Front 54

Form permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells

Back 54

Ependymal cells

Front 55

Neuron conducting impluses toward synapse (sends information)

Back 55

Presynaptic neuron

Front 56

Neurons transmitting electrical signal away from synapes (receives information)

Back 56

Postsynaptic neuron

Front 57

Dendrites are the main receptive or input regions found in neurons

Back 57

.

Front 58

Between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another

Back 58

Axodendritic

Front 59

Between axon terminals of one neuron and soma of others

Back 59

Axosomatic

Front 60

The most common type of synapse and is specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters

Back 60

Chemical synapses

Front 61

Electrical impulse changes to chemical across synapses then back into electrical

Back 61

.

Front 62

Prevents nerve impulses from directly passing from one neuron to the next

Back 62

Synaptic cleft

Front 63

1AP arrives to axon terminal

2Voltage-gated calcium canals open and calcium enters axon terminals

3Calcium entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters

4Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

5Binding of North transmitters open ion channels creating graded potentials

6neurotransmitters effects are terminated

Back 63

6 steps involved in information transfer across chemical synapses

Front 64

Language of nervous system, most neurons make up two or more neurotransmitters

Back 64

N

Front 65

Neurotransmitters can be excitory(depolarization) and or inhibitory (hyperdepolarization)

Back 65

N

Front 66

Neurotransmitters bind directly to and open ion channels, promotes rapid responses by altering membrane potential

Back 66

Direct action

Front 67

Neurotransmitters act through intracellular second messengers usually g-protein, long lasting effects

Back 67

Indirect action

Front 68

Basic pattern found in CNS: central cavity surrounded by gray matter with white matter external to gray matter

Back 68

B

Front 69

Brain stems have additional gray matter nuclei scattered within white matter

Back 69

B

Front 70

Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum contain outer layer of grey matter called the cortex they also have scattered areas of gray matter nuclei amid white matter

Back 70

C

Front 71

The cerebral hemisphere is the superior part of brain. surface markings include gyri, sulci, fissures

Back 71

C

Front 72

Cerebral cortex is the site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory precipitation, voluntary motor initiation, communication ,memory storage, understanding

Back 72

Cc

Front 73

A thin superficial layer of gray matter

Back 73

Cerebral cortex

Front 74

Motor areas are located in frontal lobe, motor area act to control voluntary movement

Back 74

M

Front 75

large neurons that allows conscious control of precise, skilled, skeletal muscle movements

Back 75

Primary motor cortex

Front 76

Controls that are learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills

Back 76

Premotor cortex

Front 77

Motor speech area that directs muscles of speech production

Back 77

Broca's area

Front 78

Controls voluntary eye movements

Back 78

Frontal eye field

Front 79

Receives general sensory information from skin and proprioceptors of skeletal muscle joints and tendons

Back 79

Primary somatosensory cortex

Front 80

Integrate sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object. Determines size texture and relationship of parts of object being felt

Back 80

Somatosensory association cortex

Front 81

Receives visual information from retinas

Back 81

Visual area

Front 82

Interpret information from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location

Back 82

Primary auditory cortex

Front 83

Stores memories of sounds and permits preception of sound stimulus

Back 83

Auditory Association area

Front 84

Responsible for conscious awareness of balance

Back 84

Vestibular cortex

Front 85

Involved in conscious awareness of odors

Back 85

Primary olfactory cortex

Front 86

Involved in precipitation of taste

Back 86

Gustatory cortex

Front 87

Posterior to gustatory cortex. Conscious perception of visceral sensations, such as upset stomach or full bladder

Back 87

Visceral sensory area

Front 88

Involved in intellect, cognition , recall and personality

Back 88

Anterior Association area

Front 89

Plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces and locating us in space. Involved in understanding written and spoken language

Back 89

Posterior Association area

Front 90

Provides emotional impact that makes a scene important to us and helps establish memories

Back 90

Limbic association area

Front 91

Responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between cortex and lower CNS, consists of myelinated fibers

Back 91

Cerebral white matter

Front 92

Functions of basal nuclei are thought to influence muscle movement, play a roll emotion, filter out incorrect and appropriate responses and inhibit unnecessary movement

Back 92

F

Front 93

Consist of three gray structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Back 93

Diencephalon

Front 94

Makes up 80% of the diencephalon, egg-shaped nuclei that forms superolateral walls of third ventricle

Back 94

Thalamus

Front 95

Main thalamic function is to act as relay station for information coming into cortex

Back 95

T

Front 96

Is the main visceral control and regulating center that is vital to homeostasis, located below thalmus

Back 96

Hypothalamus

Front 97

Most doral part of diencephalon, secretes melatonin that helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

Back 97

Epithalamus

Front 98

Consists of three regions midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Back 98

Brain stem

Front 99

The brain stem controls automatic behavior necessary for survival, nuclei are associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Back 99

B

Front 100

Nuclei that play a role in pain suppression and flight or flight responses= periaqueductal gray matter

Back 100

M

Front 101

Some nuclei play a role in reticular formation and some help maintain normal rhythm of breathing. Located between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

Back 101

Pons

Front 102

Blends into spinal cord at foramen magnum, is an autonomic reflex center. Hypothalamus release instructions via this

Back 102

Medulla oblongata

Front 103

Functional groups of medulla include: Cardiovascular Center, respiratory centers, various other centers

Back 103

F

Front 104

Processes input from cortex, brain stem, and sensory receptors to provide precise, coordinated movements of skeletal muscles. Located dorsal to pons and medulla

Back 104

Cerebellum

Front 105

Fiber tract that links limbic system region

Back 105

Fornix

Front 106

Send impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert, filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak simulate

Back 106

Reticular activating system(RAS)

Front 107

Motor function of reticular formation helps control course limb movement via reticulospinal tracts

Back 107

M

Front 108

Electroencephalogram (EEG) records electrical activity that accompanies brain functions. Measures patterns of electrical activity generated by synaptic activity in cortex

Back 108

E

Front 109

Consciousness involves: perception of sensation, voluntary initiation and control of movement, compatibilities associated with higher mental processing

Back 109

C

Front 110

Functions of menings are cover and protect CNS, protect blood vessels, containing cerebrospinal fluid, and form partitions in skull. Consists of three layers dura mater, arachnoid matter, and pia matter

Back 110

M

Front 111

Dura matter is the strongest meninx, made up of two layers of fibrous connective tissue

Back 111

D

Front 112

Arachnoid mater is the middle layer with spiderweb-like extensions, separated from the dura mater by subdural space. Subarachnoid space contains CSF and largest blood vessels of brain

Back 112

A

Front 113

Pia mater is the delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to brain following every conversion, contains many tiny blood vessels that feed brain

Back 113

P

Front 114

Forms of liquid cushion of constant volume around brain. Is composed of water solution formed from blood plasma, but with less protein and different ion concentrations in plasma

Back 114

Cerebrospinal fluid

Front 115

Cluster of capillaries that hangs from the roof of each ventricle enclosed by Pia matter and surrounding layer of ependymal cells

Back 115

Choroid plexus

Front 116

Is enclosed in the vertebral column, begins at the foramen magnum, and ends at L1 L2 vertebra. Provides teo way communication to and from brain and body

Back 116

Spinal cord

Front 117

Cushion of fat and network of veins in space between vertebrae and spinal dura mater

Back 117

Epidural space

Front 118

Collection of nerve roots inferior and of vertebral canal

Back 118

Cauda equina

Front 119

Nerves serving upper and lower limbs and merge at the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

Back 119

N

Front 120

Two lengthwise grooves that run along the spinal cord partially dividing it into right and left half

Back 120

Ventral median fissure

Dorsal median sulcus

Front 121

Three areas of gray matter that are found on each side of center and are mirror images are the

Back 121

Dorsal horn

Central horns

Lateral horns

Front 122

Bridge of grey matter that connects masses of grey matter on each side

Back 122

Gray commissure

Front 123

Bundle of motor neuron axons that exit the spinal cord

Back 123

Ventral roots

Front 124

Sensory input to spinal cord

Back 124

Dorsal roots

Front 125

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

Back 125

Dorsal root ganglia

Front 126

Formed by fusion of dorsal and ventral roots

Back 126

Spinal nerves

Front 127

Respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

Back 127

Mechanoreceptors

Front 128

Sensitive to changes in temperature

Back 128

Thermoreceptors

Front 129

Respond to light energy

Back 129

Photoreceptors

Front 130

Respond to chemicals (smell, taste)

Back 130

Chemoreceptors

Front 131

Sensitive to pain-causing stimulus

Back 131

Nociceptors

Front 132

Respond to stimuli arising outside body, receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

Back 132

Exteroceptors

Front 133

Respond to stimuli arising internal, sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch and temperature changes

Back 133

Interoceptors

Front 134

Respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments and connective tissue covering bone anf muscles

Back 134

Proprioceptors

Front 135

Survival depends on sensation and perceptions

Back 135

S

Front 136

The awareness of changes in the internal and extern environment

Back 136

Sensation

Front 137

The conscious interpretation of those stimuli

Back 137

Preception

Front 138

Somatosensory system is part of the sensory system serving body wall and limbs. Recieves input from exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors

Back 138

S

Front 139

Levels of neural intergration ins sensory system: receptor level, circuit level( processing in ascending pathways), perceptual level(processing in cortical sensory areas)

Back 139

L

Front 140

Loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths

Back 140

Endoneurium

Front 141

Course connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles

Back 141

Perineurium

Front 142

Tough fibrous sheath around all fascicles to form nerve

Back 142

Epineurium

Front 143

Impulses only toward CNS

Back 143

Sensory nerves

Front 144

Impluses only away from CNS

Back 144

Motor nerves

Front 145

Somatic afferent -sensory from muscle to brain

Back 145

J

Front 146

Somatic efferent - motor from brain to muscle

Back 146

J

Front 147

Visceral afferent - sensory from organs to brain

Back 147

H

Front 148

Visceral efferent - motor from brain to organ

Back 148

H

Front 149

Contain motor fibers from ventral horn motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles

Back 149

Ventral root

Front 150

Contains sensory fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal ganglia that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors

Back 150

Dorsal roots

Front 151

Small ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons, migrate towards injured neurons

Back 151

Microglial cells

Front 152

Most abundant, for sale, and highly branched of glial cells cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries

Back 152

Astrocytes

Front 153

Nervous system has three overlapping functions

Back 153

Sensory input, integration, motor output

Front 154

Region that secretes neurotransmitters, which are released into extracellular space

Back 154

Terminal

Front 155

A major neuroglia seen in PNS that surrounds all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers

Back 155

Schwann cells

Front 156

Processes wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulating myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers

Back 156

Oligodendrocytes