Ch 10 - Urinary / Metabolism / Body Fluids

Front 1

acute urinary retention

Back 1

a complete obstruction of urinary flow sometimes caused by enlargement of the prostate gland.

Front 2

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 2

a form of energy created by cellular respiration.

Front 3

aerobic metabolism

Back 3

a biochemical process that occurs in the presence of oxygen and results in the production of energy in the form of ATP; also called cellular respiration.

Front 4

afferent arteriole

Back 4

structure that supplies blood to the glomerulus.

Front 5

aldosterone

Back 5

a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands that increases the rate of sodium and water resorption from the distal tubules back into the blood.

Front 6

anabolism

Back 6

the productive component of metabolism associated with the build-up of energy stores and body tissues.

Front 7

anaerobic metabolism

Back 7

an alternate form of metabolism that occurs when oxygen levels are low and less energy is produced than during aerobic respiration.

Front 8

angiotensin II

Back 8

a form of kinin that plays a role in blood pressure maintenance by causing vasoconstriction and sympathetic activation and by stimulating the adrenal gland to increase the production of aldosterone.

Front 9

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 9

a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary lobe of the pituitary gland, it constricts blood vessels and raises the blood pressure; also called vasopressin.

Front 10

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Back 10

the baseline metabolic rate of the body, or energy required to maintain the body's normal functions while at rest.

Front 11

Bowman's capsule

Back 11

a thin, double-walled chamber that surrounds the glomerulus.

Front 12

calyces

Back 12

large urinary tubes that enter the renal pelvis from kidney tissue.

Front 13

catabolism

Back 13

the destructive component of metabolism associated with the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules.

Front 14

cellular respiration

Back 14

a biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the form of ATP.

Front 15

clitoris

Back 15

located in the anterior margin of the vestibule, it contains erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood as a result of sexual excitement.

Front 16

countercurrent multiplier mechanism

Back 16

a mechanism by which solutes are transported against a gradient allowing the body to produce a concentrated or dilute urine depending on its needs at any point in time.

Front 17

cystitis

Back 17

a bacterial infection of the bladder and its urinary contents.

Front 18

diabetes insipidus

Back 18

a condition often caused by pituitary dysfunction that is associated with production of large volumes of dilute urine and in which patients experience intense thirst.

Front 19

dialysis

Back 19

a procedure in which an artificial kidney external to the body is used to purify the blood.

Front 20

distal convoluted tubule

Back 20

one of two complex sections of a nephron, it empties urine into a collection duct that then carries it to the calyces.

Front 21

efferent arteriole

Back 21

structure that drains blood from the glomerulus.

Front 22

external urethral orifice

Back 22

the narrow opening at the end of the male urethra.

Front 23

extracellular fluid

Back 23

fluid outside of the cells.

Front 24

facilitated diffusion

Back 24

process whereby a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from areas of higher to lower concentration.

Front 25

filtration membrane

Back 25

the membrane separating the capillaries and Bowman's membrane.

Front 26

filtration slits

Back 26

gaps in the glomerular capillaries that filter blood and produce urine.

Front 27

fluid balance

Back 27

the process of maintaining homeostasis through equal intake and output of fluids.

Front 28

glomerular filtration rate

Back 28

the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerula.

Front 29

glomerulus

Back 29

a semipermeable capillary filter located within Bowman's capsule in the nephron.

Front 30

glycogen

Back 30

a long polymer from which glucose is converted in the liver (animal starch).

Front 31

hydrolysis

Back 31

the splitting of a molecule by adding water.

Front 32

hyperthermia

Back 32

elevated body temperature.

Front 33

hypothalamus

Back 33

the basal part of the diencephalon, it regulates the function of the pituitary gland.

Front 34

hypothermia

Back 34

low body temperature.

Front 35

interstitial fluid

Back 35

the fluid located outside of the blood vessels in the spaces between the body's cells.

Front 36

intracellular fluid

Back 36

fluid found within individual cells, representing nearly 45% of total body weight.

Front 37

intravascular fluid

Back 37

the noncellular portion of blood found within the blood vessels; also called plasma.

Front 38

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Back 38

structure formed from two groups of specialized cells, the macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells, that plays an important role in regulating fluid balance.

Front 39

juxtaglomerular cells

Back 39

a group of cells located in the afferent arterioles of the glomerulus that play a part in regulating the volume status of the body.

Front 40

kidney stones

Back 40

solid crystalline masses formed in the kidney that may become trapped anywhere along the urinary tract.

Front 41

kidneys

Back 41

solid, bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space that filter blood and excrete body wastes in the form of urine.

Front 42

kilocalories

Back 42

a unit of heat measurement, abbreviated as C.

Front 43

Krebs cycle

Back 43

a process of metabolization of foodstuffs into energy to be stored.a sequence of reactions in an organism in which oxidation of acids provides energy for storage in phosphate bonds (as in atp); also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle.a process of metabolization of foodstuffs into energy to be stored.a sequence of reactions in an organism in which oxidation of acids provides energy for storage in phosphate bonds (as in atp); also called the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Front 44

loop of Henle

Back 44

U-shaped portion of the renal tubule that extends from the proximal to the distal convoluted tubule.

Front 45

macula densa

Back 45

specialized tubular cells in the juxtaglomerular area that play a part in regulating the volume status of the body.

Front 46

medulla

Back 46

the inferior portion of the midbrain, which serves as a conduction pathway for both ascending and descending nerve tracts.

Front 47

membranous urethra

Back 47

one of three parts of the male urethra, it extends from the prostate gland to the base of the penis.

Front 48

metabolism

Back 48

the combination of all chemical processes that take place in the body, resulting in growth, generation of energy, body heat, elimination of wastes, and other bodily functions.

Front 49

micturition reflex

Back 49

a spinal reflex that causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the bladder, allowing for urination.

Front 50

mitochondrion

Back 50

an intracellular organelle where foodstuffs are metabolized.

Front 51

nephron

Back 51

the functional unit of the kidney.

Front 52

nonspecific nongonococcal urethritis

Back 52

an infection of the urethra caused by organisms of the Chlamydia family.

Front 53

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 53

the production of ATP, which takes place in the mitochondria during cellular respiration.

Front 54

plasma

Back 54

a watery, straw-colored fluid that accounts for more than half of the total blood volume.

Front 55

prostate gland

Back 55

a muscular gland located at the base of the male urethra.

Front 56

prostatic urethra

Back 56

one of three parts of the male urethra, it travels through the prostate gland.

Front 57

proximal convoluted tubule

Back 57

one of two complex sections of a nephron, it includes an enlargement at the end called Bowman's capsule.

Front 58

ptyalin

Back 58

salivary enzyme that splits starch into maltose.

Front 59

pyelonephritis

Back 59

a potentially severe bacterial infection of the renal pelvis, medulla, and cortex.

Front 60

renal capsule

Back 60

a protective layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding each kidney.

Front 61

renal corpuscle

Back 61

a structure formed by the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

Front 62

renal cortex

Back 62

the outer portion of kidney tissue.

Front 63

renal failure

Back 63

loss of kidney function that occurs secondary to injury or illness.

Front 64

renal hilum

Back 64

the point on the medial side of each kidney where the renal artery and nerves enter and the renal vein and ureter exit.

Front 65

renal papilla

Back 65

the tip of each renal pyramid, which extends into the medulla and is encircled by the opening of a minor calyx.

Front 66

renal pelvis

Back 66

an enlargement in the central portion of the renal sinuses.

Front 67

renal pyramids

Back 67

cone-shaped structures that extend into the cortex and form medullary rays.

Front 68

renal sinus

Back 68

cavity formed by the hilum that is filled with fat and connective tissue.

Front 69

renin

Back 69

a hormone produced by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus when the blood pressure is low.

Front 70

renin-angiotensin system

Back 70

system located in the kidney that helps to regulate fluid balance and blood pressure.

Front 71

spongy urethra

Back 71

one of the three parts of the male urethra, it lies within the corpus spongiosum of the penis and terminates at the external urethral orifice.

Front 72

thermolysis

Back 72

normal bodily means of heat loss and gain.

Front 73

thermoregulation

Back 73

the maintenance of normal body temperature (98.6° F, or 37.0° C).

Front 74

ureters

Back 74

a pair of thick-walled, hollow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Front 75

urethra

Back 75

a hollow, tubular structure that drains urine from the bladder, passing it outside of the body.

Front 76

urethritis

Back 76

a bacterial infection of the urethra.

Front 77

urinalysis

Back 77

the laboratory evaluation of urine.

Front 78

urinary bladder

Back 78

a hollow, muscular sac in the midline of the lower abdominal area that stores urine until it is excreted.

Front 79

urinary system

Back 79

body system that removes waste products from the blood by a complex filtration process that produces urine.

Front 80

urine

Back 80

liquid waste products filtered out of the body by the urinary system.

Front 81

urolithiasis

Back 81

condition characterized by the presence of a kidney stone.

Front 82

vagina

Back 82

a canal in the female human extending from the uterus to the external orifice.

Front 83

vasa recta

Back 83

tubules, leading from the arterioles in the glomerulus, that play an important role in the concentration of urine.