Ch. 10 The Evolution Of Animals

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animal

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Are eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain nutrients by ingestion
Digest their food within their bodies..

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Eukaryotic-

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nucleus

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Heterotrophic-

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take food from outside

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Autotrophic-

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self made food

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Animal Phylogeny

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depend on clues from comparative anatomy and embryology

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Four key evolutionary branch points

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Presence or absence of true tissues
Radial or bilateral symmetry
Presence or absence of a body cavity (coelom)
Mechanism of coelom formation..

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Coelom –

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true body cavity

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Pseudocoelum –

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false body cavity

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Body Cavity-

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space between systems in the body [digestive respiratory]

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Chordates –

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lizards reptiles animals mammals

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Phylum Porifera

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Includes sessile animals once believed to be plants
Lack true tissues
Resembles a sac perforated with holes (pores)
Draws water into a central cavity, where food is collected..

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Sponges-

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Phylum porifera
No digestive tract
Just have one openings

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Phylum Cnidaria-

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-radial symmetry and tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes
Sac body plan with a gastrovascular cavity
Do not have true organs
Life cycle includes two body forms:
Sessile polyp
Floating medusa..

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Cnidarians

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are carnivores that use tentacles armed with cnidocytes, or “stinging cells,” to capture prey..

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

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simplest bilateral animals
Have true organs but no body cavity – acoelomate
Digestive tract is two directional – only one opening = incomplete digestive tract
Includes free-living forms such as planarian
Includes many parasitic forms such as tapeworms and flukes..

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Flat worms –

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no body cavity /acoelomate

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Structure of flat worms

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Don’t have developed brain
Have nervous tissue clusters
One opening – incomplete digestive system

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Phylum Nematoda

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exhibit an important evolutionary adaptation; a digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus
A complete digestive tract can process food and absorb nutrients efficiently
Only phylum with a pseudocoelom.

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nematodas

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Only animal with false body cavities//pseudocoelom –

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Phylum Mollusca

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soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell
-Muscular foot; maybe modified into tentacles – for locomotion and defense and food gathering
-Mantle – secretes shell and aids in respiration
-Visceral mass containing internal organs
-First group with a true coelom – eucoelomates..

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Mollusa

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Nervous tissue isnt developed much =/
Digestive tract is very developed
Heart is still developing – not as developed as humans
Kidneys are developed but not very effiicent

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Phylum Annelida

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Includes worms with body segmentation – division of the body along into length into a series of repeated segments; look like rings..

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(cnidocytes

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tentacles with stinging cells

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acoelomate

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true organs but no body cavity –

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Visceral mass

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containing internal organs

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– eucoelomates..

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First group with a true coelom

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Phylum Arthropoda

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-All have exoskeleton of chitin
-Appendages are jointed
-Appendages are highly specialized
-Undergo metamorphosis
- largest group of animals
Includes insects

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Metamorphosis

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= egg  larva  pupa  adult..

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Phylum Echinodermata

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-Is named for the spiny surfaces of the organisms
-Have endoskeleton
-Have water-vascular system – hydraulic pumps that circulate water for gas-exchange, waste disposal, circulation of nutrients, and locomotion with tube feet
-All aquatic..

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Phylum Chordata – all possess these characters at some point during development

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Have notochord = supporting rod of tissue; becomes vertebrae in one subphylum
Have dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Have post-anal tail
Have pharyngeal pouches..

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Dorsal

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-back

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Ventral-

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front

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Pharyngeal-

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structure in embryo; form heart, lungs, resp system- like stem cells- undifferentiated

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Tunucates and lancelets

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don’t have vertibrates- aquatic animals

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chordata subphyla

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include the invertebrate chordates – lancelets (cephalochordata) and tunicates (urochordata), which also share four key chordate characteristics..

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Cepthalo

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-head

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uro

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tail

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Cephalochordata-

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notochord in the head region

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urochordata

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notochord in the tail region

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Cartilaginous fishes

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have a flexible skeleton made of cartilage; the only bone is found in the jaw
Includes sharks, rays, and skates.

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Chitin

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- exoskeleton

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Bony Fish

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-Have a skeleton reinforced by hard calcium salts
-Have a lateral line system, a keen sense of smell, and excellent eyesight
-Most bony fishes are ray-finned fishes
-A second evolutionary branch includes lungfishes and lobe-finned fishes..

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tetrapods

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terrestrial vertebrate
"4 legs"

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Class Amphibia

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Exhibit a mixture of aquatic and terrestrial adaptations
Usually need water to reproduce..

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class reptila

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can live totally on land
Have scales to prevent dehydration
Have claws for digging and protection
Have lungs for breathing
First group to develop the amniotic egg

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Class Aves

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Evolved the ability to fly and only animals with feathers
Bird anatomy and physiology are modified for flight
Bones are honeycombed, which makes them lighter
Some specific organs are absent, which reduces weight
A warm, constant body temperature is maintained through endothermy..

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Endotherm-

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can keep body temperature constant

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class mammalia

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hair, mammary glands
mostly terrestrial
monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

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monotremes

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lay eggs (duck bill platus, porkipine)

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marsupials

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no placenta (kangaroo)

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eutherians

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placenta mammals- nourish young