Ch. 10: Nervous System

Front 1

arachnoid membrane

Back 1

middle layer of the three layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

Front 2

autonomic nervous system

Back 2

nerves controlling involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.

Front 3

axon

Back 3

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell.

Front 4

brainstem

Back 4

posterior portion of the brain connecting the cerebrum with the spinal cord.

Front 5

cell body

Back 5

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus.

Front 6

central nervous system (CNS)

Back 6

the brain and spinal cord.

Front 7

cerebellum

Back 7

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.

Front 8

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 8

fluid circulating throughout the brain and spinal cord.

Front 9

cerebrum

Back 9

largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

Front 10

cranial nerves

Back 10

twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain regarding the head and neck.

Front 11

dendrite

Back 11

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that receives the nerve impulse.

Front 12

dura mater

Back 12

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.

Front 13

ganglion (plural: ganglia)

Back 13

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

Front 14

glial cell

Back 14

supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses.

Front 15

gyrus (plural: gyri)

Back 15

sheet of nerve cells producing a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution.

Front 16

meninges

Back 16

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

Front 17

motor nerve

Back 17

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs; efferent nerve.

Front 18

myelin sheath

Back 18

white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell, speeding up impulse conduction.

Front 19

nerve

Back 19

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses.

Front 20

neuron

Back 20

nerve cell that carries nerve impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of the nervous system.

Front 21

peripheral nervous system

Back 21

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.

Front 22

pia mater

Back 22

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges.

Front 23

plexus (plural: plexuses)

Back 23

large, interlacing network of nerves.

Front 24

receptor

Back 24

organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves.

Front 25

sensory nerves

Back 25

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor; afferent nerve.

Front 26

spinal nerves

Back 26

thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.

Front 27

stimulus (plural: stimuli)

Back 27

agent of change (light, sound, touch) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.

Front 28

sulcus (plural: sulci)

Back 28

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.

Front 29

synapse

Back 29

space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.

Front 30

alges/o

Back 30

excessive sensitivity to pain

Front 31

caus/o

Back 31

burning

Front 32

cerebell/o

Back 32

cerebellum

Front 33

cerebr/o

Back 33

cerebrum

Front 34

comat/o

Back 34

deep sleep (coma)

Front 35

dur/o

Back 35

dura mater

Front 36

encephal/o

Back 36

brain

Front 37

esthesi/o

Back 37

feeling, nervous sensation

Front 38

ganglion/o, gangli/o

Back 38

ganglion; collection of nerve cell bodies

Front 39

lex/o

Back 39

word, phrase

Front 40

mening/o, meningi/o

Back 40

membranes, meninges

Front 41

my/o

Back 41

muscle

Front 42

myel/o

Back 42

spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts)

Front 43

neur/o

Back 43

nerve

Front 44

radicul/o

Back 44

nerve root (of spinal nerves)

Front 45

syncop/o

Back 45

to cut off, cut short

Front 46

tax/o

Back 46

order, coordination

Front 47

vag/o

Back 47

vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve)

Front 48

-algesia

Back 48

excessive sensitivity to pain

Front 49

-algia

Back 49

pain

Front 50

-esthesia

Back 50

feeling, nervous sensation

Front 51

-kinesia, -kinesis

Back 51

movement

Front 52

-lepsy

Back 52

seizure

Front 53

-paresis

Back 53

weakness

Front 54

-phasia

Back 54

speech

Front 55

-plegia

Back 55

paralysis

Front 56

-praxia

Back 56

action

Front 57

-sthenia

Back 57

strength

Front 58

thrombus

Back 58

blood clot.

Front 59

hydrocephalus

Back 59

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain.

Front 60

Alzheimer disease

Back 60

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily function.

Front 61

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Back 61

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem.

Front 62

epilepsy

Back 62

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity.

Front 63

multiple sclerosis

Back 63

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue.

Front 64

myasthenia gravis (MG)

Back 64

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles.

Front 65

palsy

Back 65

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function).

Front 66

meningitis

Back 66

inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis.

Front 67

spina bifida

Back 67

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect).

Front 68

meningocele

Back 68

a neural tube defect where the meninges protrude to the outside of the body.

Front 69

meningomyelocele

Back 69

a neural tube defect where both the spinal cord and meninges protrude outside of the body.

Front 70

palliative

Back 70

relieving symptoms but not curing them.

Front 71

migraine

Back 71

severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache.

Front 72

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Back 72

disruption in the blood supply to the brain; stroke.

Front 73

shingles (herpes zoster)

Back 73

viral infection affecting peripheral nerves.

Front 74

occlusion

Back 74

blockage

Front 75

Parkinson disease (parkinsonism)

Back 75

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring later in life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement.

Front 76

meningioma

Back 76

brain tumor arising from the glial cells of the meninges.

Front 77

aneurysm

Back 77

weakened area in a blood vessel wall that balloons and may burst.

Front 78

cerebral concussion

Back 78

type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head.

Front 79

cerebral contusion

Back 79

bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head.

Front 80

epidural hematoma

Back 80

a collection of blood between the skull and the dura resulting from a ruptured meningeal artery.

Front 81

cerebral infarction

Back 81

impaired oxygen supply to the brain due to disrupted blood supply to the brain.

Front 82

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

Back 82

short episodes of neurologic dysfunction.

Front 83

subdural hematoma

Back 83

a collection of blood resulting from the tearing of veins between the dura and the arachnoid membranes.

Front 84

dementia

Back 84

mental decline and deterioration.

Front 85

gait

Back 85

manner of walking.

Front 86

syncope

Back 86

fainting; sudden and temporary loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood flow to the brain.

Front 87

tic

Back 87

involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face.

Front 88

cerebral angiography

Back 88

x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after the injection of contrast material.

Front 89

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Back 89

samples of CSF are examined.

Front 90

computed tomography of the brain (CT)

Back 90

computerized x-ray technique that generates multiple images of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 91

electroencephalography (EEG)

Back 91

recording of the electrical activity of the brain.

Front 92

lumbar puncture (LP)

Back 92

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis.

Front 93

magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (MRI)

Back 93

magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord.

Front 94

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Back 94

radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of the cells.

Front 95

stereotactic radiosurgery – gamma knife

Back 95

use of a high-energy radiation beam to treat deep and often inaccessible intracranial brain tumors and abnormal blood vessel masses without surgical incision.

Front 96

AD

Back 96

Alzheimer disease

Front 97

CNS

Back 97

central nervous system

Front 98

CSF

Back 98

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 99

CVA

Back 99

cerebrovascular accident

Front 100

EEG

Back 100

electroencephalography

Front 101

LP

Back 101

lumbar puncture

Front 102

CT

Back 102

computed tomography

Front 103

MRI

Back 103

magnetic resonance imaging

Front 104

PET

Back 104

positron emission tomography

Front 105

TBI

Back 105

traumatic brain injury

Front 106

TIA

Back 106

transient ischemic attack

Front 107

MS

Back 107

multiple sclerosis