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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hydrocephalus
(congenital d/o) |
abnormal fluid (CSF) accumulation in brain
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spina bifida
(congenital d/o) |
imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect) cause congenital defects in lumbar spinal column
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spina bifida occulta
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vertebral defect covered over with skin and only seen with x-ray/imaging
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spina bifida cystica
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cyst like protrusions over lumbar
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meningocele
(type of spina bifida) |
meninges stick outside of body
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myelomeningocele
meningomyelocele (type of spina bifida) |
spinal cord & meninges stick out of body
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alzheimer disease
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brain d/o with gradual/ progressive mental deterioration (dementia) with personality changes & impairment to daily function
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senile plaques
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in AD; caused by neuron & neurofibrillary tangle degernation in cerebral cortex
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neurofibrillary tangles
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bundles of fibrils in the cytoplasm of neuron (occurs in AD)
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amyloid
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protein in AD that occur in neurofib tangles, senile plaques & blood vessels
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amyorophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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degenerative d/o of mother neurons in spinal cord & brain stem
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epilepsy
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chronic brain d/o with recurrent seizures
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tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal or ictal events)
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sudden loss of consciousness, falling, then tonic contractions (stiffening of muscles) followed by clonic contractions (twitching, jerking of limbs)
often preceded by aura (peculiar sensation before seizure onset) |
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absence seizures (petit mal seizures)
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minor form of seizure with momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings
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postictal events
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neuro sx after seizures
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huntington disease
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hereditary d/o with degenerative changes in cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements & mental deterioration
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multiple sclerosis (MS)
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myelin sheath deteriorates in CNS & replaced with sclerotic plaques of tissue
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demyelination (in MS)
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loss of myelin insulation
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gait
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manner of walking
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myasthenia gravis (MG)
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autoimmune neuromuscular d/o with weakness (-asthenia) of voluntary muscles
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palsy
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paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)
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cerebral palsy
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partial paralysis & lack of muscular coordination due to hypoxia or loss of blood flow to cerebrum during prego or perinatal period
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bell palsy
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paralysis on one side of face
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parkinson disease (parkinsonism)
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degeneration of DA neurons in basal ganglia leading to tremors, muscle weakness, & slowness of movement
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palliative
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sx relief but not curing
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tourette syndrome
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involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds & inappropriate words
tics - twitching of eyelid & facial muscles with verbal outbursts |
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herpes zoster (shingles)
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viral infection affecting peripheral nerves; eruption of blisters in patter than follows path of peripheral nerves around body trunk
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dermatome
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skin innervation by spinal or cranial nerves
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meningitis
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meninges inflammation; leptomeningitis
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HIV encephalopathy
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brain disease & dementia occurring wit AIDS
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brain tumor
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abnormal growth of brain tissue & meninges
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gliomas
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tumor of glial cells
ex: astrocytoma, oligodendroglimoma, ependymoma most malignant form of astrocytoma - gliobastoma multiforme |
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meningiomas
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meninges brain tumor;
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cerebral edema
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brain swelling
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cerebral concussion
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temp brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury; usually gone w/i 24 hours
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cerebral contusion
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bruising of brain tissue resulting from head trauma; neurologic deficits last longer than 24 hours
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cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
cerebral infarction types? |
stroke; disruption of normal blood supply to brain
3 types of strokes: thrombotic, embolic, hemorrhagic |
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thrombotic stroke
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blood clot (thrombus) in arteries leading to brain - blocks blood flow
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embolic stroke
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embolus (dislodged clot) travels to cerebral arteries & blocks small vessels
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hemorrhagic stroke
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blood vessel (like cerebral artery) breaks & bleeds out
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aneurysm
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enlarged, weakened area of arterial wall that can rupture & lead to hemorrhage & stroke
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astrocytoma
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malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells)
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blast
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immature cells
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dementia
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mental decline & deterioration
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demyelination
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destruction of myelin on nerve axons (MS)
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dopamine
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CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in PD
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ictal event
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pertaining to sudden, acute onset (convulsions of epileptic seizures)
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occlusion
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blockage
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thymectomy
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thymus gland removal as tx for myasthenia gravis
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TIA
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transient ischemic attack
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CSF analysis
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samples of CSF examined
measures: H2O, glucose, Na+, Cl-, protein, # of RBC & WBC can detect tumor cells, bacteria, & viruses used to dx infection, tumors or MS |
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cerebral angiography
(X-ray) |
x-ray imaging of brain arterial blood vessel system after injecting contrast into thigh
dx - brain vascular disease (aneurysm, occlusion, hemorrhage) |
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CT of brain
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x-ray generating cross-sectional image of brain & spinal cord
constrst injected IV & leaks through BBB from blood vessels to brain shows tumors, hemorrhage & blood clots |
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myelography
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x-ray of spinal canal after constrst injected into subarachnoid space
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MRI of brain
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magnetc/radio waves make image of brain in 3 planes
used with CT for diagnosing brain/spinal cord lesions good for viewing strokes, tumors, changes by trauma & AD |
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MRA (magnetic resonance angiography)
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makes images of BV using MR techniques
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positron emission tomography (PET)
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computerized radiologic technique that uses radioactive glucose to image metabolic activity of celols
help with giving info on brain function for AD, stroke, schizo, & epilepsy |
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doppler/ultrasound studies
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sound waves detect blood flow in carotid & intracranial arteries
detect occlusions in blood vessels |
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electroencephalography (EEG)
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recording of brain electrical activity
helps show seizure activity |
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lumbar puncture (LP)
spinal tap |
w/d CSF b/t 2 lumbar vertbrae
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stereotactic radiosurgery
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specialized instrument used to locate & treat targets in brain
gamma knife (high energy radiation beam) treats deep/usually inaccessible intracranial brain tumors & abnormal blood vessel masses (arteriovenous malformations) w/o surgery gives proton radiation |
