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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do you treat gardnerella vaginalis (formerly haemophilus vaginalis)?
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metronidazole
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How can you tell gardnerella vaginalis from candida or trichomonas?
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clue cells: vaginal epithelial cells w/ tiny pleomorphic bacilli within the cytoplasm
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What causes bacterial vaginitis in conjunction with anaerobic vaginal bacteria?
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gardnerella vaginalis
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How do you treat chancroid?
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erythromycin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
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What are 3 differentials when ruling our chancroid?
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1. syphilis (treponema pallidum); 2. herpes (simplex virus 1 & 2); 3. lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV: chlamydia trachomatis)
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What causes chancroid? What are the signs?
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1. haemophilus ducreyi; 2. painful genital ulcer, unilateral painful inguinal lymph nodes
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What type of vaccine is used against h. influenza?
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combo of H. influenza capsule + diphteria toxin (diphteria toxin activates T-lymphocytes)
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What are 3 gram - rods acquired through the respiratory tract?
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haemophilus influenza, bordetella pertussis, legionella pneumophila
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What diseases are caused by h. influenzae?
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1. meningitis; 2. acute epiglottitis; 3. septic arthritis; 4. sepsis
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What makes the h. influenza virulent?
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1. b capsule (polysaccharide); 2. kids aged 6mos to 3yrs don't make antibodies against the b capsule
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In what medium does h.influenza grow?
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blood-containing medium; needs hematin and NAD+
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Who is susceptible to h. influenza infection?
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people weakened by viral lung infection, people without spleen
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What is the mechanism of bordetella pertussis? What disease does it cause?
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1. attaches to ciliated epithelial cells of trachea and bronchi; 2. whoopinig cough
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What are the 4 exotoxin weapons of bordetella pertussis?
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1. pertussis toxin A + B (Bind and Action); 2. extra cytoplasmic adenylate cyclase; 3. filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA); 4. tracheal cytotoxin
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What is the role of adenylate cyclase & cAMP in bordetella pertussis?
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AC increases cAMP, leading to impaired chemotaxis, impaired generation of H202 and superoxide, leading to decreased phagocytosis and bacterial clearance
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What does the FHA (filamentous hemagglutinin) in bordetella pertussis do?
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allows binding to ciliated epithelial cells of bronchi
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What does the tracheal cytotoxin in b. pertussis do?
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helps destroy the ciliated epithelial cells
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Is whooping cough contagious?
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YES!
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What are the 3 stages of whooping cough?
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1. catarrhal stage; 2. paroxysmal stage; 3. convalescent stage
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How do you culture suspected b. pertussis?
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1. calcium alginate swab; 2. grow on Bordet-Gengou medium (potato + blood agar)
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What is the treatment for whooping cough?
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primarily supportive therapy; erythromycin in the predromal or catarrhal stage to prevent the disease
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What is the vaccine against whooping cough?
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part of the DPT vaccine (diphteria, pertussis, tetanus); made of pertussis toxin, FHA, adenylate cyclase
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Where do you find legionella pneumophilia?
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in natural and manmade water environments
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What is the main mechanism of legionella pneumophilia?
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intracellular parasite that settles in the lower resp tract and taken in by macrophages; inhibits phagosome-lysosome fusion
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What are 2 diseases caused by legionella pneumophilia?
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1. pontiac fever (mild flu-like symptoms); 2. Legionnaires' disease (pneumonia in people 50+ years, esp. with smokers)
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What is the treatment of legionella pneumophila infection?
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erythromycin
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