Ch. 10 And 11 Nutrition

Front 1

how do the vitamins differ from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

Back 1

structure, function, and food contents

Front 2

what are the water soluble vitamins?

Back 2

thiamin
riboflavin
niacin
biotin
pantothenic acid
vitamin b12
folate
vitamin b12
vitamin c

Front 3

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

Back 3

vitamin a
vitamin d
vitamin e
vitamin k

Front 4

the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

Back 4

bioavailability

Front 5

substances that precede others; with regard to vitamins compounds that can be converted into active vitamins

Back 5

precursors

Front 6

other name for precursors?

Back 6

provitamins

Front 7

solubility affects the vitamins what?

Back 7

absorption
transport
storage
excretion

Front 8

what happened to the water soluble vitamins when they are absorbed?

Back 8

they move directly into the blood stream

Front 9

what happens to the fat soluble vitamins when they are absorbed?

Back 9

first they must enter the lymph, then the blood stream

Front 10

which vitamins travel freely through the blood?

Back 10

water soluble vitamins

Front 11

which vitamins need a protein carrier for transport through the blood?

Back 11

fat soluble vitamins

Front 12

which vitamin occupies a specific site on the membranes of nerve cells, and in their responding tissues?

Back 12

thiamin

Front 13

which vitamin does the muscles depend on?

Back 13

thiamin

Front 14

the average thiamin intake in america and canada is low, meets or exceeds recommendations?

Back 14

meets and exceeds recommendations

Front 15

where is water soluble vitamins stored?

Back 15

freely in water filled parts of the body

Front 16

where are fat soluble vitamins stored?

Back 16

in the cells associated with fat

Front 17

where do the water soluble vitamin excrete from the body?

Back 17

kidneys detect and remove excess in urine

Front 18

where do the fat soluble vitamin excreted?

Back 18

not excreted easily, holds on to fat cells

Front 19

what does alcohol do to thiamin?

Back 19

it impairs thiamin absorption and enhances thiamin excretion in the urine, doubling the risk of deficiency

Front 20

what is the deficiency disease f thiamin?

Back 20

beriberi

Front 21

what are the symptoms of beriberi?

Back 21

damage to the nervous system as well as to the heart and other muscles

Front 22

what is the other name for thiamin?

Back 22

b1

Front 23

what is my RDA for thiamin?

Back 23

1.1 mg/day

Front 24

what is the chief function of thiamin?

Back 24

part of coenzyme TPP and used in energy metabolism

Front 25

what are the significant sources of thiamin?

Back 25

whole-grain, fortified, or enriched grain products; moderate amounts in all nutritious food; pork

Front 26

what are the toxicity symptoms of thiamin?

Back 26

none reported

Front 27

what is thiamin destroyed by?

Back 27

heat

Front 28

what is riboflavin other names?

Back 28

B2

Front 29

what is my RDA for riboflavin?

Back 29

1.1 mg/day

Front 30

what are the chief functions of riboflavin?

Back 30

part of coenzyme FMN and FAD used in energy metabolism

Front 31

a purplish, red, smooth tongue

Back 31

glossits

Front 32

what are significant sources of riboflavin?

Back 32

milk products, whole grain, fortified, or enriched grain products; the liver produces it

Front 33

how is riboflavin destroyed?

Back 33

ultraviolet light and irradiation

Front 34

what is the deficiency disease of riboflavin?

Back 34

ariboflavinosis

Front 35

what are the deficiency symptoms of riboflavin?

Back 35

sore throat; cracks and redness at corners of mouth, painful, smooth, purplish red tongue. inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales

Front 36

what is the toxicity of riboflavin?

Back 36

none reported

Front 37

cracks at corner of mouth?

Back 37

cheillosis

Front 38

do most people in the us and canada not have enough, meet, or exceed riboflavin recommendations?

Back 38

meet or exceed

Front 39

when dealing with riboflavin, why is milk not in glass jars anymore?

Back 39

because letting in light destroys the riboflavin

Front 40

why is niacin unique among the B vitamins?

Back 40

the body can make is from the amino acid tryptophan

Front 41

the amount of niacin present in food, including the niacin that can theoretically be made from its precursor, tryptophan, present in the food

Back 41

niacin equivalents

Front 42

in the us and canada does the amount is the amount of niacin too low, meets, or exceeds the amount recommended

Back 42

exceeds

Front 43

what is the niacin deficiency disease?

Back 43

pellagra

Front 44

what are the niacin deficiency symptoms?

Back 44

diarrhea
dermatitic
dementia
death

Front 45

what are the niacin deficiency symtoms called?

Back 45

the four D's

Front 46

what are the four D's?

Back 46

diarrhea
dermatitis
dementia
death

Front 47

a temporary burning, tingling, and itching sensation that occurs when a person takes a large dose of nicotinic acid; often accompanied by a headache and reddened face, arms, and chest

Back 47

niacin flush

Front 48

what are the toxicity symtoms of niacin?

Back 48

liver disease, diabetes, peptic ulcers, gout, irregular heartbeats, inflammatory bowel disease, migraine headaches, and alcoholism

Front 49

what is my RDA for niacin?

Back 49

14 mg NE/day

Front 50

what is the chief functions of niacin?

Back 50

part of coenzymes NAD and NADP used in energy metabolism

Front 51

what are the other names for for niacin?

Back 51

nicotinic acid
nicotinamide
niacinamide
vitamin B3

Front 52

what is the precursor of niacin?

Back 52

tryptophan

Front 53

what are coenzymes?

Back 53

metabolism enzyme helpers

Front 54

what are the significant sources of niacin?

Back 54

anything that contains protein and whole grains

Front 55

what is the important role of biotin?

Back 55

it carries activated carbon dioxide

Front 56

what is the protein in egg whites that keeps biotin from being absorbed?

Back 56

avidin

Front 57

what is the AI of biotin?

Back 57

30 micrograms/day

Front 58

what is the chief function of biotin?

Back 58

part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis

Front 59

what are significant sources of biotin?

Back 59

widespread in foods, liver, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains; also produced by GI bacteria

Front 60

what are the deficiency symptoms of biotin?

Back 60

depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs; red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth; hair loss

Front 61

what are the toxicity symptoms of biotin?

Back 61

none reported

Front 62

what is the chief function of pantothenic acid?

Back 62

it is part of coenzyme A

Front 63

what is the AI of pantothenic acid?

Back 63

5mg/day

Front 64

what is the burning feet syndrome?

Back 64

affected prisoners of war in asia during WWII and is thought to be caused by pantothenic acid deficiency

Front 65

what is the significant sources of pantothenic acid?

Back 65

widespread in foods; chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomatoes, liver, egg yolk, broccolli, whole grains

Front 66

what does pantos mean?

Back 66

everywhere

Front 67

how is pantothenic acid destroyed?

Back 67

food processing

Front 68

what are the deficiency symptoms of pantothenic acid?

Back 68

vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps; insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy; hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin; numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk

Front 69

what are the toxicity symptoms?

Back 69

none reported

Front 70

what are the other names of vitamin B6?

Back 70

pyridoxine
pyridoxal
pyridoxamin

Front 71

what is the RDA for me for vitamin B6?

Back 71

1.3 mg/day

Front 72

what is the chief function of vitamin B6?

Back 72

part of coenzyme PLP and PMP used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism; helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin; helps to make red blood cells

Front 73

what are the significant sources of vitamin B6?

Back 73

meats, fish, poultry, potatoes, and other starchy vegetables, legumes, noncitrus fruits, fortified cereals, liver, soy products

Front 74

how is vitamin B6 destroyed?

Back 74

heat and alcohol

Front 75

what detroys vitamin B6?

Back 75

INH

Front 76

what are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6?

Back 76

scaly dermatitis; anemia, depression, confusion, convulsions

Front 77

what are the toxicity symptoms of vitamin B6?

Back 77

depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions

Front 78

a competing factor that counteracts the action of another factor

Back 78

antagonist

Front 79

a pinched nerve at the wrist, causing pain or numbness in the hand

Back 79

carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 80

where is B6 stored?

Back 80

in muscle tissure

Front 81

the amount of folate available to the body from naturally occurring sources, fortified foods, and supplements, accounting for differences in the bioavailability from each source

Back 81

dietary folate equivalents

Front 82

malformations of the brain, spinal cord, or both during embryonic development that often result in lifelong disability or death

Back 82

neural tube defects

Front 83

the embryonic tissue that forms the brain and spinal cord

Back 83

neural tube

Front 84

other names of folate acid?

Back 84

folic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid

Front 85

what is the RDA of folate?

Back 85

400 micrograms/day

Front 86

what are the chief functions of folate?

Back 86

part of coenzymes THF and DHF used in DNA synthesis and therefore importamt in new cell formation

Front 87

what is the significant sources in folate?

Back 87

fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver

Front 88

what destroys folate?

Back 88

heat and oxygen asprin birthcontrol smoking

Front 89

what are the deficiency symptoms of folate?

Back 89

anemia, smooth red tongue, mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache; shortness of breath; elevated homocysteine

Front 90

what are the toxity symptoms?

Back 90

masks vitamin B12

Front 91

a glycoprotein secreted by the stomach cells that binds with vitamin b12 in the small intestine to aid in the absorption of vitamin b12

Back 91

intrinsic factor

Front 92

chronic inflammation of the stomach accompanied by a diminished size and functioning of the mucous membrane and glands

Back 92

atrophic gastitis

Front 93

a blood disorder that reflects a vitamin b12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factor and characterized by abnormally large and immature red blood cells

Back 93

pernicious anemia

Front 94

in vitamin b12 it is not poor intake but what that destroys it?

Back 94

poor absorption

Front 95

what destroys vitamin b12

Back 95

microwave

Front 96

what is the other name for vitamin b12?

Back 96

cobalamin

Front 97

what is my RDA

Back 97

2.4 micrograms/day

Front 98

what is the chief functions of vitamin B12

Back 98

used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells; reforms folate coenzyme; helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids

Front 99

what are the significant sources of b12?

Back 99

foods of animal origin and fortified cereals

Front 100

what is the deficiency disease of vitamin b12?

Back 100

pernicious anemia

Front 101

what are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin b12?

Back 101

anemia, fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves, sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation

Front 102

a nonessintial nutrient that can be made in the body from glucose

Back 102

inositol

Front 103

a nonessential, nonprotein amino acid made in the body from lysine that helps transport fatty acids across the mitocholdrial membrane

Back 103

carnitine

Front 104

unstable molecules with one or more unpaired electrons

Back 104

free radicals

Front 105

a condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent damagge

Back 105

oxidative stress

Front 106

what are the key antioxidant nutrients?

Back 106

ACE

Front 107

a substance produced by cells of the immune system as part of a local immune reaction to an antigen; participates in causing inflammation

Back 107

histamine

Front 108

what are the other names for vitamin c?

Back 108

ascorbic acid

Front 109

what is my RDA?

Back 109

75 mg/day

Front 110

what is the chief functions of vitamin c?

Back 110

collagen synthesis, antioxidant, thyroxin synthesis, amino acid metabolism, strengthens resistance to infection, helps in absorption of iron

Front 111

what are the significant sources of vitamin c?

Back 111

citrus fruits, cabbage type vegetables, dark green vegetables, cantaloupe, strawberries, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, papayas, mangoes

Front 112

how is vitamin c destroyed?

Back 112

heat and oxygen

Front 113

what is the deficiency disease of vitamin c?

Back 113

scurvy

Front 114

what are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin c?

Back 114

anemia, atheroscierotic plaques, pinpoint hemorrhages; bone fragility, joint pain; poor wound healing, frequent infections; bleeding gums, loosened teeth; muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria, depression; rough skin, blotchy bruises

Front 115

what are the toxicity symptoms of vitamin c?

Back 115

nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea; headache, fatigue, insomnia; hot flashes, rashes, interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract prblems, kidney stones