Ch 1: The Science Of Psychology

Front 1

The study of mind, brain & behavior

Back 1

Psychological science

Front 2

Everything not directly observable; mental activity; ex. Perceptions, thoughts & feelings

Back 2

Mind

Front 3

Any directly observable action by humans (& animals)

Back 3

Behavior

Front 4

Source and location of the mind

Back 4

Brain

Front 5

The ability to systematically question and evaluate evidence

Back 5

Critical thinking

Front 6

Focusing attention only on one's personal beliefs

Back 6

Confirmation bias

Front 7

Judging if a person relaying info is believable

Remember: attractiveness & authority are key to believability

Back 7

Source credibility

Front 8

Variables that occur in time/space a lot; they tend to make us draw conclusions that one causes the other

Back 8

Spurious correlations/relationships

Front 9

The ice cream and high rate of crime correlation would be an example of

Back 9

Spurious correlation/relationship

Front 10

Deals with how information is framed to manipulate audience's feelings/thinking

Back 10

Bad/relative comparison

Front 11

Suppose researchers are proposing a new drug to 1000 participants.

A) the researchers say 600/1000 will live if they take the drug & the ppl are more likely to go along with it

B) the researchers say 400/1000 will die & the participants are terrified.

The way this same info is presented yet the reactions are different when framed differently is an example of

Back 11

Bad/relative comparison

Front 12

Explanations after the fact; for example after a break up "I should've known better. The signs were there"

Back 12

Hindsight bias

Front 13

"Self serving bias"; people who know the least about a topic seem to be the most confident about it

Back 13

Dunning-Kruger effect

Front 14

Why can't psychologists say nature (innate biology) is the sole factor in development?

Back 14

Wouldn't be able to explain how people change & learn from experience

Front 15

Why can't psychologists say nurture (environment & Xp) is the sole factor in development?

Back 15

Wouldn't explain, for example, how people act like family they have never met (like adopted siblings being separated and yet they act alike)

Front 16

Idea that mind and body are separate, yet intertwined. The mind is divine.

Back 16

Dualism

Front 17

The mind "comes" from brain activity and is not separate

Back 17

Monism

Front 18

Some behaviors come from genes; explains useful mental & psychological traits as adaptations (products of natural selection)

Back 18

Evolutionary psychology

Front 19

Emphasizes environmental effects on observable behavior; rejected "nature" & scientifically studying the mind

Stimulus ➡ unknown ➡ response

Back 19

Behaviorism

Front 20

Putting mind back into psychology; study it scientifically because behaviorism couldn't explain complex behavior; viewed mind as a computer

Stimulus ➡ {unknown} ➡ response

{Represented by cognition (language, memory, beliefs)}

Back 20

Cognitive psychology, revolution

Front 21

Developed after the Holocaust; focuses on the power of the situation & on the way people are shaped through their interactions with others

Back 21

Social psychology

Front 22

Be open to new ideas but wary of new findings when good evidence & sound reasoning don't support them

Back 22

Amiable skepticism

Front 23

To be a good critical thinker, you need to evaluate _____ , consider ____ ______, question ______ of ______, and be ____ ______

Back 23

Evaluate reasoning

Consider alternative explanations

Question biases of sources

Be amiably skeptical

Front 24

Selective sampling, choosing to take in info that only supports your beliefs, is an error associated with

Back 24

Confirmation bias

Front 25

Believing in appeals to authority, or only believing something b/c someone said it, is an error associated with

Back 25

Failing to accurately judge source credibility

Front 26

Misjudging patterns that are only chance occurences

Back 26

Going with your gut(not using stats properly)

Front 27

Poor reasoning influenced by a few extreme examples rather than avg occurrence is an error assoc with

Back 27

Going with your gut (not using stats properly)

Front 28

Judgments based on faulty relationships that are merely coincidence is an error assoc with

Back 28

Seeing relationships that don't exist

Front 29

Over or under estimating risks is an error associated with

Back 29

Relative comparison

Front 30

Reasoning errors that influence ppl to believe faulty claims about past events that couldn't have been predicted is assoc with

Back 30

Hindsight bias

Front 31

Simple rules; "rules of thumb; help ppl make quick decisions

Back 31

Heuristics

Front 32

Using this can bias reasoning by causing ppl to make poor judgments about how risky a situation is, or can influence stereotypes

Back 32

Heuristics

Front 33

Overestimating one's own abilities; being unable to judge one's own behavior/abilities well b/c they aren't knowledgable about the situation is an error assoc with

Back 33

Self serving bias

Front 34

Uses introspection (participants report exactly what they experience in response to a stimulus) to study the smallest units of the mind or XP

Back 34

Structuralism

Front 35

Rejected introspection and focuses on reason for a behavior (evol history)

Back 35

Functionalism

Front 36

Rejected structuralism & focused on bigger pic, the whole is greater or different than the sum of its parts

Back 36

Gestalt theory (psychology)

Front 37

Most of the mind is unconscious; used to investigate symbolism in dreams & repressed memories

Back 37

Psychoanalytic theory

Front 38

Study consistency in how the same person behaves in different circumstances

Back 38

Personality psychology

Front 39

Using psychological research to examine how people think and when/why they draw erroneous conclusions

Back 39

Psychological reasoning