Ch. 1 Terms & Ideas

Front 1

matter

Back 1

anything that has mass and occupies space

Front 2

mass

Back 2

the property that defines the quantity of matter in an object

Front 3

energy

Back 3

the capacity to transfer heat or do work

Front 4

chemistry

Back 4

the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and of the energy consumed or given off when matter undergoes change

Front 5

substance

Back 5

matter that cannot be broken down to simpler matter by any physical process; also known as Pure Substance

Front 6

physical process

Back 6

a transformation of a sample of matter, such as a change in its physical state, that does not alter the chemical identity of any substance in the sample

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Mixture

Back 7

matter composed of two or more substances

Front 8

homogeneous mixture

Back 8

a mixture in which the components are distributed uniformly throughout and have no visible boundaries or regions

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solution

Back 9

another name for homogeneous mixture. Solutions are often liquids, but they may also be solids or gases

Front 10

heterogeneous mixture

Back 10

a mixture in which the components are not distributed uniformly, so that the mixture contains distinct regions of different compositions

Front 11

element

Back 11

a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by any chemical process

Front 12

compound

Back 12

a pure substance that is composed of two or more elements bonded together in fixed proportions and that can be broken down into those elements by some chemical process

Front 13

chemical reaction

Back 13

the transformation of one or more substances into different substances

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law of constant composition

Back 14

all samples of a particular compound contain the same elements combined in the same proportions

Front 15

atom

Back 15

the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical characteristics of the element

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molecule

Back 16

a collection of atoms chemically boned together in characteristic proportions

Front 17

chemical formula

Back 17

a notation for representing the elements and compounds; consists of the symbols of the constituent elements and subscripts identifying the number of atoms of each element in one molecule

Front 18

chemical equation

Back 18

notation in which chemical formulas express the identities and their coefficients express the quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction

Front 19

chemical bond

Back 19

the energy that holds two atoms in a molecule together

Front 20

filtration

Back 20

a process for separating particles suspended in a liquid or a gas from that liquid or gas by passing the mixture through a medium that retains the particles

Front 21

distillation

Back 21

a separation technique in which the more volatile (more easily vaporized) components of a mixture are vaporized and then condensed, thereby separating them from less volatile components

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intensive property

Back 22

a property that is independent of the amount of substance present

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extensive property

Back 23

a property that varies with the quantity of the substance present

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physical property

Back 24

a property of a substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance

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density (d)

Back 25

the ratio of the mass (m) of an object to its volume (V)

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chemical property

Back 26

a property of a substance that can be observed only by reacting it to form another substance.

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solid

Back 27

a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume

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liquid

Back 28

a form of matter that occupies a define volume but flows to assume the shape of its container

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gas

Back 29

a form of matter that has neither definite volume nor shape and that expands to fill its container; also called vapor

Front 30

sublimation

Back 30

transformation of a solid directly in a vapor (gas)

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deposition

Back 31

transformation of a vapor (gas) directly into a solid

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scientific method

Back 32

an approach to acquiring knowledge based on observation of phenomena, development of a testable hypothesis, and additional experiments that test the validity of the hypothesis

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hypothesis

Back 33

a tentative and testable explanation for an observation or a series of observations

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scientific theory (model)

Back 34

a general explanation of a widely observed phenomenon that has been extensively tested and validated

Front 35

meter

Back 35

the standard unit of length, named after the Greek metron, which means "measure," and equivalent to 39.37 inches

Front 36

significant figures

Back 36

all the certain digits in a measured value plus one estimated digit. The greater the number of significant figures, the greater the certainty with which the value is known

Front 37

precision

Back 37

the extent to which repeated measurements of the same variable agree

Front 38

accuracy

Back 38

agreement between an experimental value and the true value

Front 39

conversion factor

Back 39

a fraction in which the numerator is equivalent to the denominator but is expressed in different units, making the value of the fraction one

Front 40

Kelvin (K)

Back 40

the SI unit of temperature

Front 41

absolute zero (0 K)

Back 41

the zero point on the kelvin temperature scale; theoretically the lowest temperature possible