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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Three phases of a drug taken PO |
1. Pharmaceutic 2. Pharmacacokinetic 3. Pharmacodynamic |
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Pharmaceutic Phase |
Also called Dissolution Becomes a solution and can then cross biological membrane. NO pharmaceutic phase in drugs administered IM, IV, or SubQ. |
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Excipients |
Fillers added to active drug ingredients to give them the preferred shape and size. Helps with drug dissolution - for example: K and Fe to aid in penicillin's ability to to be absorbed by making it a salt. |
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Dissolution |
Breaking down of disintegrated drug tablets or capsules in the GI before it is absorbed by the body. |
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Enteric Coated Drugs |
coating resists disintegration in stomach, and dissolves instead in the alkaline environment of small intestine. DO NOT CRUSH |
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Pharmacokinetic Phase |
Process of drug movement to produce drug action. Four Processes: 1. Absorbtion 2. Distribution 3. Metabolism 4. Elimination/Excretion |
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Absorption |
Pharmacokinetic Phase drug movement from GI to the rest of the body. |
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Passive Absorption |
Diffusion - higher to low concentrations No Energy required |
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Active Absorption |
Needs a carrier to help the drug across a concentration gradient - an enzyme or protein. Energy is required |
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Pinocytosis |
Cell engulfs the drug particles and the drug crosses the cell membrane. |
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What type of drug are absorbed fastest by the GI tract? |
Lipid Soluble drugs; non-ionized drugs. |
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Where are IM drugs fastest absorbed? |
Areas with more blood vessels (duh). Deltoids! |
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What is the First Pass Effect |
The drug taken is passed to the liver first before it is delivered to the rest of the body. The liver may change the effectiveness of the drug - Lidocaine and some nitroglycerins are not given PO because of this effect - it loses to much of the drug |
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Bioavailability |
The amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation. Always less than 100% if drug is PO; 100% if IV administered. |
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Distribution of a drug |
When the drug becomes available to body tissue and fluid. Influenced by blood flow, drug's affinity to tissue and protein binding affect. |
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Protein Binding Affect |
In plasma, some drugs bind to proteins. Affects availability of drugs because binding blocks active sites of drug that would react with body. |
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Free Drugs |
Not bound to protein; able to act in a pharmacological way. As free drug is used up in reactions, protein bound drug is released from protein and enters circulation as free drug. Important because too much free drug can cause drug toxicity. |
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Why is checking patient's albumin and plasma protein important before administering a drug? |
Albumin and plasmas (proteins) act as drug binding sites. If there is a decreased level of protein, then free drugs circulate more freely and can cause drug toxicity. |
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What (general) kind of drugs can cross the Blood-Brain barrier? |
Highly Lipid soluble drugs. |
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Metabolism |
the way the body processes, inactivates, or biotransforms drugs. |
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What organ is the PRIMARY site for drug metabolism? |
Liver |
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What is Half-Life? |
Besides a fun video game, it is the amount of time it takes for half of the drug concentration to be eliminated. |
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What is the main mechanism of drug elimination by the body |
Urine, via the kidneys! |
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Pharmacodynamics |
How drugs affect the body - can cause primary and secondary effects. ex: benedryl- primary: antihistimine, Secondary: drowsiness. Secondary effect may not be desirable |
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Onset of Action |
How long it takes for a drug to reach the minimum effective concentration after it is given. |
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Duration of action |
The length of the pharmalogical effect of the drug |
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Peak Action |
The time when the drug reaches its peak in blood plasma levels |
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Agonists |
Drugs that elicit a response ex: Epinephrine - stimulates beta1, beta2 receptors |
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Antagonists |
drugs that block a response |
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Side Effects |
Expected effects of the drugs, separate from the main effect of the drug. |
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Adverse Reactions |
effects that are unintended, even at the normal dose of a drug. ALWAYS undesirable. |
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Tolerance |
Decreased responsiveness to the drug. |
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Tachyphylaxis |
Rapid decrease in effectiveness of the drug - "acute tolerance" |
