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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Media Literacy |
The ability to understand and make productive use of the media
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Media Criticism |
The analysis use to assess the effects of media on individuals, on societies, and on cultures
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mediated communication
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messages conveyed through an interposed device rather than face to face |
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medium
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an interposed device used to transmit messages |
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media |
plural of medium |
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mass communications |
mediated messages transmitted to large, widespread audiences |
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gatekeepers
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those who determine which messages will be delivered to media consumers
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mediated interpersonal communication |
the sharing of personal messages through an interposed device
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convergence |
the merging of technologies, industries, and content, especially within the realms of computer, telephone, and mass media. |
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cultural imperialism |
the displacement of traditional culture with american culture
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synergy |
a combination in which the whole is more than the sum of its parts
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economies of scale |
savings that accrue with mass production
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First copy rule |
the first copy of anything (movie, newspaper etc) is expensive to produce and each subsequent one becomes cheaper.
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cross merchandizing |
promoting a product in one form to sell it in some other form- occurs with horizontal integration, or when one company buys different types of media (often competition in same section of the market) |
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group ownership (also known as chain ownership) |
the acquisition of the same type of business in more than one market by one company
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conglomerates |
large companies that own many different types of business
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vertical integration |
a business model in which a company owns all aspects of a production chain/product line |
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antitrust laws |
laws that prohibit monopolistic practices in restraint of trade |
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horizontal integration |
corporate growth through one company's acquisition of different types of businesses...cross merchandizing |
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combined integration |
when companies combine horizontal and vertical integration |
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government ownership |
when the govt controls the media |
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private ownership |
where media is privately owned but the govt has ruling over the media organizations |
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libertarian |
media is privately owned with no government intervention (only exists in theory) |
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mixed model
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combination of govt and privately owned media
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Censorship |
any action that prohibits an act of expression from being made public
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fourth estate |
the press as an unofficial fourth branch of govt
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adversarial relationship |
a relationship in which two parties contend with or opposed each other. in the US, the media are expected to have and adversarial relationship with the govt so they can serve a watchdog role
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prior restraint |
prevention of publication by the govt
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first amendment |
the part of the US bill of rights that guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly and petition
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propaganda |
information that is spread for the purpose of promoting a doctrine or cause
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modeling
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the imitation of behavior from media
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content analysis |
a research method in which observers systematically analyze media subject matter
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survey methods |
research methods that rely on questionnaires to collect research data
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Payne Fund studies |
recording responses (via electrodes) of children, adolescents, and adults, to certain movies
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The peoples choice study
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an examination of how media affected voters decisions. found that the only thing that swayed viewers was reinforcement |
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random sampling
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method that ensures that every member of the population being studied has an equal chance of being chosen
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selective exposure |
process by which people seek out messages that are consistent with their attitudes
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selective perception
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process by which people with different attitudes interpret the same messages differently
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selective retention |
process by which people with different views remember the same event differently
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opinion leaders |
well-informed people who help others interpret media messages |
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two step flow |
communication process in which media effects travel through opinion leaders |
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applied research |
media investigations devoted to practical commercial purposes |
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desensitization
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a process by which viewers of media violence develop callousness or emotional neutrality in the face of a real life act of violence
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theory |
a set of related statements that seek to explain and predict behavior |
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powerful effect model |
predicts that media will have a swift and potent influence |
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minimal effect model |
predicts that media will have little influence on behavior
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mixed effect model |
predicts that media can have a combination of influences
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flow theory |
explanations of the way effects travel from the mass media to their audience |
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bullet theory |
implies that media effects flow directly from the media to an individual |
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multi-step flow
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a complex interaction of media effects
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social learning theory
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theory that people learn by observing others |
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socialization |
the process by which a child learns the expectations, norms, and values of a society.
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individual differences theory |
predicts that people with different characteristics will be affected in different ways by the media |
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diffusion of innovations theory
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different types of people will adopt new ideas at different times |
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cultivation theory |
media shapes how people view the world |
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innovators |
people eager to try new ideas, usually extrovert and politically liberal. Usually first to try new things |
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Early adopters |
less venturesome than innovators but make a relatively quick but informed choice. They are important opinion leaders within their social group |
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early majority |
careful deliberate choices after frequent interactions` with peers and opinion leaders. adopt innovation when it has reached a critical mass |
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late majority |
skeptical and accept innovations less often. when they do adopt they do it out of economic necessity of increasing peer pressure
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laggards |
conservative, traditional, and resistant to any change. POV from the past. Socially isolated.
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agenda setting theory
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predicts that the amount of attention given to an issue in the media affects the level of importance assigned to it in the public
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cumulative theory
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theory that media have profound effects over time through redundancy
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uses and gratifications theory |
looks that the ways media consumers choose media to meet their needs
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cultural studies
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research based on careful observation and thought rather than on controlled experiments or statistics
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media ecology |
school of cultural study that suggests that media make up an ecological system for humans
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gender studies |
looks at how the media deals with male and female roles
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political/economic analysis |
theory that predicts tat a cultures changing system will influence its values
(marxism) |
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copy cat crimes |
police believe coverage of one crime may encourage someone else to copy it
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third person effect |
the belief that media effects other people more than it effects oneself.
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catharsis theory |
the idea that viewing violence actually reduces violent beavior
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correlation
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a situation in which two things occur at the same time, or in close succession, more often than chance would lead one to expect
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papyrus
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a type of reed (that grew in the Nile Valley) used to make an early form of paper |
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parchment |
an early form of paper made from animal skins- more durable than papyrus, still survives today. |
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codex |
a book written on parchment pages that were cut and bound on one side. developed by the romans in the first century. codex set the stage for the modern form of books |
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technological determinism |
theory that states that the introduction of new technology changes society, sometimes in an unexpected way |
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oral cultures / pre-agricultural societies |
information is transmitted via speaking and interacting. information is stored in memory. |
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chapbook |
inexpensive early form of paperback containing mostly stories to be read for pleasure
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rag content |
proportion of cotton of linen fiber in high quality paper
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dime novels |
inexpensive fiction, popular in the 1860s, that sold for 10 cents, also called pulp novels
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pulp novels |
paperback books printed on cheap paper made from wood pulp, another name for dime novels
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public domain |
the category of creative works on which the copyright has expired |
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first multimedia franchise |
tarzan (media franchise for which installments exist in multiple forms of media) |
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the paper back formula |
the formula for mass-market paperback novel consisted of a human interest story, a sexy cover, and a low price, and mass distribution.
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the action adventure novel |
popular in the 50s featuring no nonsense heroes and had high action adventures. good guys won
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the romance novel |
popular in 50s and 60s for women
basic formula: girl meets boy, girl loses boy, girl gets boy back and they live happily ever after |
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trade paperbacks |
a quality paperback with a larger trim size than the standard mass market paperback. had heavier covers and better paper
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audio books |
books recorded on tape or some other medium
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e books |
books that exist as a digital file
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trade books |
fiction and non fiction books sold to the general public
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4 major types of book |
trade, educational, reference, professional |
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on spec |
on speculation; in the publishing industry, finishing a work without a contract guaranteeing that it will be bought
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royalties |
the authors share of the net amount of a works revenue
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acquisition editor |
an editor who obtains books to be published -liaison between author, publisher and audience |
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developmental editor |
an editor who works directly with the author during the writing of a book, going over each chapter and suggesting major revisions
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copy editor |
an editor who polishes a manuscript line by line and prepares it for typesetting- length, accuracy and style -writes headlines accompanying stories |
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genre |
type of writing, such as romance or mystery
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university press
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a publisher that is affiliated with an institution of higher education and that publishes mostly academic books, especially original research by college professors
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small press |
a publisher with few employees and minimal facilities. many small presses try to publish serious books, especially poetry and avant-garde fiction
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vanity press |
a publisher that requires its authors to pay the full cost of producing their own books
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online publisher |
one that provides "supported self publishing" through a website
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blurb |
brief laudatory comments that can be placed on the cover of a book |
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megastores |
large bookstores that feature around 100,000 book titles and offer various amenities such as coffee bars and live reading. |
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independent bookstores |
booksellers not owned by a chain and not part of a larger company |
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bibliophiles |
book lovers; heavy readers
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casual readers
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those who enjoy reading but find time to read only a few books a year
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required readers |
those who read only what they have to for their job or studies- professionals |
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blockbuster |
all types of huge events, especially in terms of media products |
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midlist authors |
authors who don't make it to the best sellers list but still have respectable sales |
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seditious libel laws |
laws established in colonial America made it illegal to publish criticism about government or its representatives (libel=written) |
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mercantile press |
newspapers that provided news of business and shipping |
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federalist papers |
essays that explained the new federal government to early americans; published in 1788 The Federalist |
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partisan press
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newspapers owned or supported by political parties |
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editorial page |
section of newspaper reserved for the opinion of pieces |
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hard news |
stories about current events that have impact on peoples lives |
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soft / feature news |
stories directed toward human interest and curiosity, lifestyle ie. "Dog saves drowning baby" |
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penny press |
inexpensive, advertiser supported newspapers that appeared in the 1830s.
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newsprint |
inexpensive paper used for newspapers
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news hole |
total amount of space in the newspaper that can be devoted to editorial content versus advertising -Advertising:Editorial ratio |
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sensationalism |
use of exaggerated and lurid elements to produce a startling effect |
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objectivity
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writing style that separates fact from opinion |
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byline |
a line at the beginning of a news story giving the authors name
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inverted pyramid |
news style that packs the most important info into the first paragraph |
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yellow journalism |
a style of investigative reporting characterized by unprecedented sensationalism; it reached its peak in the Hearst-Pulitzer circulation wars of the 1890s |
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tabloids |
newspapers characteristizes by smaller size than a standard newspaper, a single fold and abundant photos |
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chain |
one company that owns the same type of company in more than one market
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organizational papers |
newspapers published as part of an organizations communication with members
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alternative press |
publications that provide a different view point on the news, usually one that is politically radical or otherwise out of the mainstream |
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underground press |
alternative newspapers in the 60s and 70s that passionately criticized cultural and political norms
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ethnic press |
that part of the newspaper industry aimed at particular cultural groups
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Chicano press |
part of Hispanic american newspaper industry that targets Latino Americans |
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publisher |
in print industries, the person who runs an individual company and acts as its chief representative
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opinion editorial page ~ op ed |
the section of the newspaper "opposite the editorial page" reserved for signed columns, opinion pieces and guest editorials
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the business staff of a newspaper |
advertising, production, circulation
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photo offset printing |
where the negative image holds the ink and transfers the image into the newsprint as it flows through the press
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general assignment reporters |
journalists who can find and write stories in any area
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beat reporters |
journalists who find and write stories in a specialized area (long term) |
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feature syndicates |
brokers for newpapers entertainment and specialty items
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audit bureau of circulations
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an association that verifies newspaper and magazine distribution
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elite stage (of media development)
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phase of media evolution in which ionly the richest and best educated members of the population make use of a particular medium
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popular stage of media development |
phase of media evolution in which truly mass audience takes advantage of a particular medium
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specialized stage of media development |
phase of media evolution in which particular medium tends to break up into segments for audience members
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muckraking |
investigative journalism conducted with the goal of bringing about social change |
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pulps
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magazines produces on cheap paper and with low cultural reach, such as true romance and true confessions
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special interest magazines |
magazines aimed at specific readers with specific concerns and tastes
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webzines |
magazines that appear on the internet such as slate and salon also called ezines
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consumer magazines |
any magazine that advertises and reports on consumer products and the consumer lifestyle
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trade magazines |
magazines that focus on a particular business and are usually essential reading for people in that business
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public relations magazine
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magazines produced with the objective of making their parent organization look good
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professional journalism |
periodicals that doctors, lawyers, engineers, and other occupational groups rely on for info in their fields |
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academic journals |
periodicals that publish research in a variety of scholarly fields; also called scholarly journals
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little magazines |
industry term for literary magazines with small circulations
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zines |
low cost self published magazines put out by fans on a variety of topics also called fanzines
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desktop publishing |
using a personal computer to act as an editor, publisher and writer
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mission statement
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a brief explanation of how the magazine will be unique and what will make it successful
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sponsored magazines |
magazines published by associations such as national geographic
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contributing editor |
title given to a magazines highest paid freelance writers who sometimes polish other peoples work
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CPM |
cost per thousand; guide line for the price of each exposure of a costumer to an ad
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circulation department |
the division of a magazine company charged with finding and keeping subscribers, managing the subscribers list, and promoting single copy sales
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blow in cards |
postcard sized business reply cards, usually containing subscription solicitations, that are inserted into magazines during the production process
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subscription fulfillment companies |
business that specializes in soliciting magazine subscription
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split run editions
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slightly different versions of the same magazine, as in demographic and regional editions
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demographic editions |
slightly different versions of the same magazine that go out to subscribers with different characteristics
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regional editions
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slightly different versions of the same magazine produced for different geographic areas
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paid circulation magazines |
magazines for which readers actually pay subscription fees and newsstand charges
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controlled circulation |
a system of distribution in which magazines are sent free to desired readers
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pass-along circulation |
readership beyond the original purchaser of the publication
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complementary copy |
editorial material designed to be paired with nearby advertising
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Concurrent media use |
watching TV while browsing Internet on smartphone |
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Target audience construction |
goal is to maintain the largest, most desirable ($) and new audiences |
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Creating target audience |
demographics psychographics lifestyle categories |
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Entertainment Genres |
drama gaming comedy festival |
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News Genres (content) |
hard news investigative reports editorials soft news |
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Advertising (content) |
informational hard-sell soft-sell (product placement) |
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Production |
collaborative creation of media materials for distribution to audience -administrative personnel -creative personnel -talent guilds |
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Distribution |
delivery of product to point where it will be shown to intended audience- production is useless without a distributor |
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Exhibition |
presenting the media product to audience -shelf space (time/space devoted to presentation) -trade incentives (discounts, publicity) -cooperative advertising (production company paying for newspaper ads to promote author book signing) |
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Profits |
direct sales license fees rentals usage fees subscription advertising
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Written/Literate Cultures |
agricultural societies- writing as our first communication technology, although exclusive among aristocrats. Memories, history and myths could be recorded for future use |
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The Printing Press - The Gutenberg Revolution |
mass production of text inspired by woodblock/clay presses in China/Korea |
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Industrial Society |
Steam engine mass production and transportation of print media -increase in literacy- now required for jobs |
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First printer in Colonial US |
1638, Cambridge MA- Harvard First book printed: Bay Psalm Book -only book available, immediate best seller 1642 MA passes law stating that children must be taught to read |
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First Library |
Ben Franklin, 1731 Philadelphia subscribers could borrow, increase in literacy |
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Common Sense |
Thomas Paine's political book 1776 |
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Information Society |
today, our economy primarily depends on production, processing, distribution and consumption of information, often through IT
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Information Workers |
people who produce, process or distribute information as their primary livelihood |
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Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick (1690) |
first newspaper in the 13 colonies -lasted one day, British Colonial Authorities shut it down for it's criticism of British government |
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Alien and Sedition Acts (1791) |
writing critically about government was illegal...2 years later these laws failed to be renewed, but this shows how the government saw power/threat in the press |
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Penny Press |
mid-1800s, tabloid style content, mass produced and sold cheaply to attract largest possible audience- funded by selling ad space |
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The Sun (NY, 1833) |
Benjamin Day, capitalized on sensationalism -first paper to publish a story on a suicide -first to hire reporters to go out and write stories |
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New York Associated Press (1846) |
first organization of report/news sharing and collaboration |
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Responsible Journalism |
emphasis of journalism as a respectable career -social responsibility, resisting sensationalism and promoting objectivity |
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American Magazine (1741) |
first magazine in the US, published by Andrew Bradford in Philadelphia -General Magazine published by Ben Franklin 3 days later |
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The Saturday Evening Post (1821) |
first large circulation magazine -25% advertising -general interest |
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Record labels |
divisions of a recording company that releases a type of music and reflects a certain theme/personality |
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3 corporations dominate the market share |
Universal: 38.9% Sony: 29.5% WMG: 18.7% ... Indies: 12.3% |
