Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
development
|
The pattern of movement or change that starts at the conception and continues through the human life span
|
|
|
Life- Span perspective
|
The perspective taht development is lifelong, multidimensionalm multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual; involves growth, maintenance and regulation; and is constructed through biological, sociological, and individual factors working together
|
|
|
context
|
the setting in which development occurs that is influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors
|
|
|
normative age-graded influences
|
Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group.
|
|
|
normative history-graded influences
|
biological and environmental influences that are associated with history. These influences are common to people or a particular generation.
|
|
|
nonnormative life events
|
unusual occurrences that have a major impact on a persons life. The occurrence, pattern, and sequence of these events are not applicable to many individuals.
|
|
|
culture
|
the behavior patters, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation
|
|
|
cross cultural studies
|
comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures. these provide information about the degree to which childrens development is similar or universal across cultures and to the degree to which it is culture specific
|
|
|
ethnicity
|
a range of characteristics rooted in cultural heritage, including nationality, race, religion, and language.
|
|
|
socioeconomic status
|
refers to the conceptual grouping of people with a similar occupational educational, and economic characteristics
|
|
|
gender
|
the psychological and sociocultural dimensions of being female or male
|
|
|
social policy
|
a national governments course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens
|
|
|
biological processes
|
changes in an individual's physical nature
|
|
|
cognitive processes
|
changes in an individuals though intelligence and language
|
|
|
socioemotional processes
|
changes in an individuals relationships with other people emotions, and personality
|
|
|
nature nurture issue
|
the debate about the extent to which development is influences by nature and by nurture. nature refers to an organisms biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences
|
|
|
stability change issue
|
the debate about the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
|
|
|
continuity discontinuity issue
|
the debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages
|
|
|
theory
|
a coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and to make predictions
|
|
|
hypotheses
|
assertions or predictions often derived from theories that can be tested
|
|
|
ethology
|
an approach that stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods
|
|
|
eclectic theoretical orientation
|
an approach that selects and uses whatever is considered the best in many theories
|
|
|
laboratory
|
a controlled setting
|
|
|
naturalistic observation
|
observation that occurs in a real world setting without an attempt to manipulate the situation
|
|
|
standardized test
|
a test that is given with uniform procedures for administration and scoring
|
|
|
case study
|
an in depth examination of an individual
|
|
|
descriptive research
|
this type of research aims to observe and record behavior
|
|
|
correlational research
|
the goal is to describe the strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics
|
|
|
correlation coefficient
|
a number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables
|
|
|
experiment
|
a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studies is manipulated and all other factors are held constant. experimental research permits the determination of cause.
|
|
|
cross-sectional approach
|
a research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time
|
|
|
longitudinal approach
|
a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
|
|
|
cohort effects
|
effects that are due to a subject's times or birth or generation but not age.
|
|
|
evolutionary psychology
|
emphasizes the importance of adaption reproduction and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
|
|
|
chromosomes
|
threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA
|
|
|
DNA
|
a complex molecule with a double helix shape that contains genetic information
|
|
|
genes
|
units of hereditary information composed of DNA. Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life.
|
|
|
mitosis
|
cellular reproduction in which the cells nucleus duplicates itsself with two new cells being formed each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes
|
|
|
meiosis
|
a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm
|
|
|
genotype
|
a person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material
|
|
|
phenotype
|
the way an individuals genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics
|
|
|
down syndrome
|
a chromosomally transmitted form of mental retardation caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21
|
|
|
behavior genetics
|
the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development
|
|
|
twin study
|
a study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins
|
|
|
adoption study
|
a study in which investigators seek to discover whether in behavior and psychological characteristics adopted children are more like their adoptive parents who provided a home environment or more like their biological parents who contributed their heredity. another form of adoption study is to compare adoptive and biological siblings.
|
|
|
epigenetic view
|
emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment
|
|
|
gene x environment interaction
|
the interaction of a specified measured variation in DNA a specific measured aspect of the environment
|
|
|
germinal period
|
the period of prenatal development that takes place within the first two weeks of conception
|
|
|
embryonic period
|
the period of prenatal development that occurs two to eight weeks after conception.
|
|
|
organogenesis
|
organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development
|
|
|
fetal period
|
the prenatal period of development that begins two months after conception and lasts for seven months on average
|
|
|
neurons
|
nerve cells which handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain
|
|
|
teratogen
|
any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes
|
|
|
fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
|
a cluster of abnormalities that appears in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy
|
|
|
natural childbirth
|
a childbirth method in which no drugs are given to relieve pain or assist in the birth process.
|
|
|
prepared childbirth
|
similar to natural childbirth but involves special breathing techniques to control pushing in the final stages of labor
|
|
|
apgar scale
|
widely used assessment of newborns health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
|
|
|
postpartum period
|
the period after childbirth when the mother adjusts both physically and psychologically to the process of childbirth this process lasts for about 6 weeks or until her body have completed its adjustment and returned to a near pre pregnant stage
|
|
|
cephalocaudal period
|
the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top of the head with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom
|
|
|
proximodistal pattern
|
the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
|
|
|
lateralization
|
specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.
|
|
|
sudden infant death syndrome
|
a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing usually during the night and suddenly dies without an apparent cause
|
|
|
dynamic systems theory
|
the perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting
|
|
|
gross motor skills
|
motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as walking
|
|
|
fine motor skills
|
motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements such as finger dexterity
|
|
|
sensation
|
the product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors the eyes ears tongue nostrils and skin
|
|
|
perception
|
the interpretation of what is sensed
|
|
|
ecological view
|
the view that perception functions to bring organisms in contact with the environment and to increase adaption
|
|
|
visual preference method
|
a methos used to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli
|
|
|
habituation
|
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
|
|
|
dishabituation
|
recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
|
|
|
intermodel perception
|
the ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing
|
|
|
schemes
|
in piagets theory actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
|
|
|
assimilation
|
piagetian concept of using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences
|
|
|
accommodation
|
piagetian concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences
|
|
|
organization
|
piagetian concept of grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order, more smoothly functioning cognitive systems
|
|
|
equilibration
|
a mechanism that piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next
|
|
|
object permanence
|
piagetian term for understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen heard or touched
|
|
|
A not B error
|
term used to describe the tendency of infants to reach where an object was located earlier rather than where the object was last hidden
|
|
|
core knowledge approach
|
states that infants are born with domain specific innate knowledge systems
|
|
|
attention
|
focusing of mental resources on select information
|
|
|
joint attention
|
processes that occurs when individuals focus on the same object and an ability to track anothers behavior is present one individual directs anothers attention and reciprocal interaction is present
|
|
|
deferred imitation
|
imitation that occurs after a delay of hours or days
|
|
|
memory
|
central feature of cognitive development pertaining to all situations in which an individual retains information over time
|
|
|
implicit memory
|
memory without conscious recollection involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed
|
|
|
explicit memory
|
memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state
|
|
|
language
|
form of communication whether spoken written or signed that is based on a system of symbols. Language consists of the words used by a community and the rules for varying and combining them
|
|
|
infinite generativity
|
ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules
|
|
|
telegraphic speech
|
the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other conncectives
|
|
|
language acquisition device
|
Chomskys term that describes a biological endownment enabling the child to detect the features and rules of language including phonology, synax, and semantics
|
|
|
child direct speech
|
language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences
|
|
|
emotion
|
feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to them.
|
|
|
basic cry
|
a rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry a briefer silence a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry and then a brief rest before the next cry.
|
|
|
anger cry
|
a cry similar to the basic cry with more excess air forces through the vocal cords
|
|
|
pain cry
|
a sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning followed by breath holding
|
|
|
reflexive smile
|
smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli it appears during the first month after birth usually during sleep
|
|
|
social smile
|
a smile in response to an external stimulus which early in development, typically is a face
|
|
|
stranger anxiety
|
an infants fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life
|
|
|
separation protest
|
an infants distressed crying when the caregiver leaves
|
|
|
social referencing
|
emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
|
|
|
temperament
|
an individuals behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally respeonding
|
|
|
easy child
|
a child who is generally in a positive mood, who quickly establishes regular routines in infancy and who adapts easily to new experiences
|
|
|
difficult child
|
a child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently who engages in irregular daily routines and who is slow to accept new experiences
|
|
|
slow to warm up child
|
a child who has a low activity level is somewhat negative and displays a low intensity of mood
|
|
|
goodness of fit
|
refers to the match between a childs temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope
|
|
|
attachment
|
a close emotional bond between two people
|
|
|
strange situation
|
an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions seperations and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order
|
|
|
securely attached babies
|
babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the envoronment
|
|
|
insecure avoidant babies
|
babies that show insecurity by avoiding the mother
|
|
|
insecure resistant babies
|
babies that often cling to the caregiver then resist her by fighting against the closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
|
|
|
insecure disorganized babies
|
babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented
|
|
|
reciprocal socialization
|
socialization that is bidirectional children socialize parents just as parents socialize children
|
|
|
scaffolding
|
parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with the parents
|
