Cgt 101 Test 1 Review

Front 1

CAT (scan) stands for...?

Back 1

Computer Aided Tomography

Front 2

CADAM stands for...?

Back 2

Computer Aided Design System and Manufacturing System

Front 3

CADAM was created by...?

Back 3

Lockheed, with IBM

Front 4

First interactive CG system developed by Ivan Sutherland @ Massachusetts Instiute of Technology in early 1960s; allowed user to interact w/ 3d wireframe displays by means of a lightpen

Back 4

Sketchpad

Front 5

Allowed US Air Force to use command and control point and click CRT displays to detect and track aircraft

Back 5

SAGE Air Defense System

Front 6

First personal microcomputers

Back 6

Apple II, Timex Sinclair, IBM-PC

Front 7

Lead 3D CG research and development @ University of Utah

Back 7

David Evans

Front 8

Mass Market Personal Computers

Back 8

Intel microprocessors, Apple Macintosh, IBM personal computers

Front 9

Microsoft's standardized disk operating systems for mass market personal computers

Back 9

DOS Operating System

Front 10

Commercial CG Application Software

Back 10

Autodesk, Adobe, Alias, Wavefront

Front 11

PC Hardware Benchmarks in 1980s

Back 11

50 Mhz clockspeed, 8-32 Mb RAM

Front 12

Algorithms developed in 50s and 60s

Back 12

early 3d - hidden surface removal, color, shading

Front 13

Algorithms developed in 70s

Back 13

Gouraud shading, Phong shading, texture mapping, bump mapping

Front 14

Algorithms developed in 80s

Back 14

Ray tracing

Front 15

PC Hardware Benchmarks in 1990s

Back 15

400-500 Mhz clockspeed, 64-256 Mb RAM

Front 16

PC Hardware Benchmarks in Early 2000s

Back 16

1000 Mhz clockspeed, 512 Mb - 1 Gb RAM

Front 17

PC Hardware Benchmarks in Mid 2000s

Back 17

1000+ Mhz Clockspeed, 2+ Gb RAM

Front 18

The visible spectrum of light ranging from red to violet (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) defines the range of the normal human visual system to perceive color.

Back 18

Color as a Function of Light

Front 19

This is the apparent color, irrespective of brightness or saturation. Ex: Red, green, blue, and yellow

Back 19

Hue

Front 20

This is the level of purity in a single color's hue. AKA Chroma in video graphics

Back 20

Saturation

Front 21

This is the relative lightness or darkness of a color. A high ___ range in an image is said to have high contrast and generally gives a richer and more detailed look than one with a low ___ range.

Back 21

Value AKA Brightness

Front 22

The number of indivisual colors a file format can display for each pixel.

Back 22

Color Depth

Front 23

8-bit color has this many varieties

Back 23

256

Front 24

16-bit color has this many varieties

Back 24

65,536

Front 25

24-color has this many varieties

Back 25

16,777,216

Front 26

Number of varieties in grayscale

Back 26

256

Front 27

RGB color model is a _____ color model; produces white

Back 27

Additive (color model)

Front 28

CRT (displays) stands for...?

Back 28

Cathode Ray Tube

Front 29

This is a color range - the total number of colors that can be faithfully reproduced in a given format such as websafe colors, CYMK printable colors, NTSC, or film. (Warning icons in photoshop = triangle for print and cube for web)

Back 29

Gamut

Front 30

____ Color Model; CYM (cyan, yellow, and magenta) mixture created from RGB primaries; commonly used for generating color output for print and hard copy media

Back 30

Subtractive (color model)

Front 31

Blue + Green levels =

Back 31

Cyan

Front 32

Red + Blue levels =

Back 32

Magenta

Front 33

Red + Green levels =

Back 33

Yellow

Front 34

Term used to describe the appearance of a light source, measured in degrees Kelvin.

Back 34

Color temperature

Front 35

Color temperature around 8,000 K

Back 35

Cool/Blue

Front 36

Color temperature around 1,500-2,000 K.

Back 36

Red/Warm

Front 37

Simplest form of computer-generated object, consisting of a line formed by two points. Three points connected by lines form a polygon. Are generated from underlying math formulas for lines and other geometric entities. AKA Object-based graphics

Back 37

Vector Graphics

Front 38

Graphic images made up of rows of dots or pixels as opposed to vector line representation. AKA image or bitmapped graphics

Back 38

Rastor Graphics

Front 39

2D array of pixels used to store an image. Also referred to a rastor graphics as opposed to vector graphics. Stricly speaking, this has only one single bit of color info per pixel, therefore it is either black or white

Back 39

Bitmap

Front 40

A raster image file with more than 8 bytes per pixel. Usually referred to when more than 1 bit is used per pixel.

Back 40

Pixmap

Front 41

An attempt to approximate a higher number of colors in a lower bit-depth color system or a lower resolution image. Done by assigning two similar colors that are able to be reproduced to adjacent pixels. The results produce the illusion of smoother edges and color transitions in an image.

Back 41

Dither

Front 42

The horizontal rows of pixels that make up a raster image.

Back 42

Scan lines

Front 43

NTSC (National Television Standards Committee, 1953) broadcast signals provided _____ viewable scanlines.

Back 43

480

Front 44

Digitally created imagery with enough resolution for mtion pictures requires about _____ scanlines.

Back 44

2000

Front 45

An object-based curve (vector graphic) defined by a math function. Ex: Bezier Curve, NURBS

Back 45

Spline

Front 46

Another name for a line segment. This should not be confused with a vector or a 3D geometric primitive.

Back 46

Vector Primitive

Front 47

In software programs, the _____ is the rectangular area formed by the crawling dotted line denoting the selected part of an image.

Back 47

Marquee

Front 48

End-to-end vector primitives connected at their endpoints make a _____.

Back 48

Polyline

Front 49

The "world space" or fixed Cartesian coordinate system which defines the entire 2D or 3D coordinate space.

Back 49

World/Global Coordinates

Front 50

The individual coordinate system for each point, line, curve, object, group, or other subset of objects that exist within world/global coordinate system. Making changes to _____ coordinate systems affect only the objects associated with that coordinate system.

Back 50

Local/Relative Coordinates

Front 51

A singular but continuous set of connected vector primitive line segments (or curves) connected by their endpoints (vertices). To make them more useful in applied graphics, the individual segments and vertices can be moved or have their curvature edited.

Back 51

Polyline

Front 52

A _____ is a closed-loop polyline composed of at least 3 vertices and 3 edges. The basic elements for defining surfaces in a _____ mesh.

Back 52

Polygon

Front 53

A 4-point polygon is called a...?

Back 53

Quad

Front 54

Type of cubic polynomial curve first described by Pierre Bezier in 1970. It is defined by two end points and a scaleable tangent vector which can be used to control the shape of the curve. A common and dominant method for creating and editing vector graphics in applied CG.

Back 54

Bezier curve

Front 55

Basic geometric modeling forms are building into all standard 3D software packages. Typical 3D ______ include cubes, cylinders, spheres, and cones.

Back 55

Geometric primitive

Front 56

3D models and diplays contain only point and edge information about the polygons which make up the model. Surface data is either not present in the display or does not exist for the model. Are fast and easy to display and are useful for viewing and editing models in a 3D virtual environment.

Back 56

Wireframe

Front 57

Composed of polygonal surfaces and enclosing spline curves or polyline cross sections/profiles or they may be NURBS based. Are designed to contain and display only visual information about the surface properties and characteristic shape of a 3D object. Do not contain solid properties such as mass or center of gravity and other properties associated with solid objects.

Back 57

Surface modeling

Front 58

Common method of modeling used in computer aided design. Used to generate whole objects with solid mass properties, not just surfaces, by means of solid primitives, extruded shapes, revolved shapes, Boolean operations, and other sweeping operations.

Back 58

Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)

Front 59

NURBS stands for...?

Back 59

Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline

Front 60

An advanced class of spline based modeling which allows end users an almost unlimited control of the shape of both curves and surface contours through weighted control vertices.

Back 60

NURBS

Front 61

Basic geometric modeling forms are built into all standard 3D software packages. Typical _____ include cubes, cylinders, spheres, and cones.

Back 61

3D Geometric Primitives

Front 62

A surface described by numerous connecting polygons.

Back 62

Polygon mesh

Front 63

The point at which an object may be rotated about in 3D space.

Back 63

Pivot Point

Front 64

Individual points which defined on a 2D curve or 3D surface which can be used to modify (transform) the shape of the curve or surface.

Back 64

Control vertices

Front 65

When both sides of a surface are made renderable and can be viewed regardless of their orientation to the camera.

Back 65

Double Sided

Front 66

To make a surface or 3D model by creating a cross section and extending or "sweeping" it along an axis which is typically perpendicular to the face of the cross section.

Back 66

Extrude

Front 67

A 3D model which is created by revolving or "sweeping" a crowss section or profile around an axis.

Back 67

Surface of Revolution

Front 68

The nested grouping of objects in a scene that defines dependencies of translation, rotation, and scale.

Back 68

Heirarchy

Front 69

An object node above another

Back 69

Parent

Front 70

An object node below another

Back 70

Child

Front 71

Useful method of modeling that combines 2D and 3D models based on the math logic of Union, Difference, and Intersection.

Back 71

Booleans

Front 72

Adding aka...?

Back 72

Union

Front 73

Subtracting aka...?

Back 73

Difference

Front 74

Common volume aka...?

Back 74

Intersection

Front 75

Process of subdividing and refining a polygon mesh into a series of smaller polygonal faces while maintaining the general shape of the original object. AKA splitting, dicing, or adaptive subdivision.

Back 75

Tessellation

Front 76

The creation of a 3D surface by interpolating contour between two or more splines.

Back 76

Skinning

Front 77

AKA "Blob" modeling; Refers to the implicit surface modeling technique developed and advanced by the Japanese company Links, Osaka University, and the artist Yoichiro

Back 77

Metaballs

Front 78

Making a virtual copy of an object; The new virtual model is a ghost of the original object that can be modified indirectly by editing the original object

Back 78

Instance

Front 79

An operation which alters the position, orientation, or proportional size of a 3D object in its coordinate space.

Back 79

Geometric Transformation

Front 80

The 3 principle geometric transformations in CG

Back 80

Translation, Rotation, Scaling

Front 81

The surface normal that faces away from the camera and is completely occluded by other polygons.

Back 81

Back-Face

Front 82

Process that removes a polygon's back-face from a scene to speed up rendering calculation.

Back 82

Back-face Culling

Front 83

Computer graphic icon designed by Martin Newall @ the University of Utah in 1976; Now located in the Computer Museum in Boston, MA.

Back 83

Utah Teapot

Front 84

Slang term for a free-form deformation matrix tool.

Back 84

Bendy Box

Front 85

A modeling technique which allows the user to create a more complex model by selectively deforming simpler primitive objects. This technique typically uses an attached control lattice to manipulate an underlying polygon mesh or NURBS model

Back 85

Free-form Deformation

Front 86

To change the shape of a 3D model's geometry through means OTHER than the basic modeling methods of primitive creation, extrusion, revolution, lofting, or skinning.

Back 86

Deformation

Front 87

Modeling technique used to actually distort the surface geometry during rendering by using 8-bit grayscale raster image map values; Developed by R. Cook in 1984.

Back 87

Displacement mapping

Front 88

A generic geometric modifier that transforms the positions of an object's vertices along any combination of 3 axis; Thi important modeling & animation tool simulates random variations in an object's shape.

Back 88

Noise