Cfd Chapter 2

Front 1

ecological model

Back 1

developed by Uri Bronfenbrenner, sought to understand the multiple influences that affect individuals' and families' development over their lifetime

Front 2

contexts

Back 2

areas of individual and family development that play a role in the relationship between people and their environments

Front 3

bi-directional

Back 3

not only is the individual influenced by the environment, but the environment is influenced by the individual

Front 4

ecosystem

Back 4

each context within the ecological model

Front 5

the individual

Back 5

a person's development is not simply a matter of biology, cognition, or social interactions, but all three intertwined. individual influences include race, ethnicity, genetics, health, nutrition, and physiological abilities or disabilities

Front 6

microsystem

Back 6

developmental context nearest the individual. represents those interactions in which people are directly involved. (family of origin, daycare/schools, community, church)

Front 7

mesosystem

Back 7

focusees on the interaction between the various elements within microsystem rather than on the individual. (how does the school affect family? how does church affect family? does school affect neighborhood?)

Front 8

exosystem

Back 8

consists of the fabrics of society in which policies are made and influenced that ultimately have an impact on the elements of the microsystem and the individual. serves as umbrella for all of the systems in a society. (educational, religious, economic, media, political, systems)

Front 9

macrosystem

Back 9

recognizes that a society has a set of overarching cultural values and beliefs that affect individual development by establishing either implicit or explicit rules about what is or is not acceptable behavior

Front 10

chronosystem

Back 10

outermost layer, reflects changes that happen over time. It accounts for the collective historical precursors of current social debates over, social and economic descrimination

Front 11

traditional family

Back 11

middle-class nuclear family, hustband, wife, children

Front 12

dual-earner couples

Back 12

married couples in the workforce, need to provide additional income for the family

Front 13

dual-career couples

Back 13

both partners are employed in professional or managerial positions

Front 14

second shift

Back 14

unequal division of household labor

Front 15

egalitarian

Back 15

more democratic or equal division of all chores in the home when women take responsibility for providing income

Front 16

role conflict

Back 16

refers to the contradictory demands between the various roles individuals must perform. (if child needs to stay home bc of illness, parent might have to miss work) occurs because demands of one role (parenting) conflict with demands of another role (work)

Front 17

role overload

Back 17

takes place when spouses take on roles that have excessive demands.

Front 18

spirituality

Back 18

reflects the depth to which a person experiences the sacred

Front 19

religiosity

Back 19

refers to an individual's preference for religious expressions

Front 20

absolute poverty

Back 20

refers to not having enough money to meet the essentials of life, such as shelter, food, and clothing

Front 21

relative poverty

Back 21

have necessities to survive, but have an inability or difficulty maintaining an average standard of living

Front 22

working poor

Back 22

refers to people who are working, but who continue to remain below the poverty threshold for their family size

Front 23

poverty line

Back 23

estimated minimum income necessary for a family to meet basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing

Front 24

poverty rate

Back 24

reflects the percentage of people with incomes below the published poverty line

Front 25

persistently poor

Back 25

populations with continuous poverty rates of 30% or hire

Front 26

causes for rural poverty

Back 26

1. the natural environment
2. the economic structure
3. social norms

Front 27

1. the natural environment

Back 27

those who live in rural areas lack the geographic advantages of coastal or industrial regions. creates distance from labor force b/c people are isolated from commerce

Front 28

2. the economic structure

Back 28

fewer opportunities exist for skilled workers or for industrial employment, and thus jobs provide lower wages

Front 29

3. social norms

Back 29

majority of the rural poor will not move to a different area for improved conditions.

Front 30

ghetto poor

Back 30

refers to inner-city residents, primarily either black or Hispanic, living below the poverty line

Front 31

feminization of poverty

Back 31

reflects the impact of divorce on mothers and their children, and the increasing numbers of unmarried women having children

Front 32

universal healthcare

Back 32

guaranteed access to medical treatment for all citizens regardless of their ability to pay

Front 33

magnet schools

Back 33

distinctive curriculum

Front 34

social welfare

Back 34

federal legislation that would require federal and state resources to fund a number of social programs and social policies in an effort to improve the living quality of the poor

Front 35

head start

Back 35

promotes well-being of low-income families by focusing on educating/assisting preschool children of low-income families so they are better prepared for school. also include programs for parnts to improve parenting skills and understand child's development

Front 36

medicare

Back 36

provides medicare benefits for people over 65.

Front 37

medicaid

Back 37

federally funded medical benefits program for those who live below the poverty level.

Front 38

food stamps

Back 38

coupons issued by state welfare agency to low-income people or families for the purchase of certain groceries

Front 39

housing assistance

Back 39

available to low-to moderate-income families to assist them in finding safe and affordable housing

Front 40

job corps

Back 40

federal program aided at training low-income addolescents that integrates academics, vocation training, parent education training, and social skills training so that the disadvantaged youth are better qualified