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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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baby boomers
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people born between 1946 and 1964
during this time in US history, birth rates rose sharply because of economic prosperity following WWII |
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average life expectancy
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68-80
white females: 80 black females: 74.8 white males: 74.9 black males: 68.2 |
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gerontologists
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scientists who study aging
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lifespan perspective
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from cradle to grave, human beings are in a constant, continuous state of growth-motion
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nature-nurture debate
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are the influences of aging determined by nature (hereditary characteristics) or by nurture (environmental, experiential)
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4 interactive forces of development
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1. biological forces
2. psychological forces 3. sociocultural forces 4. lifecycle forces |
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biological forces
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refer to genetic and health related factors, race and ethnic differences
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psychological forces
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refer to all cognitive, emotional and perceptual factors
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sociocultural forces
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cultural, ethnic, societal, relational, and interpersonal factors
employment, living arrangements, marital status, parenting and grandparenting |
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lifecycle forces
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all of these forces interact and combine to create a person's unique, individual developmental experiences
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normative age-graded influences
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develpmental changes that are caused by biological, psychological and sociocultural forces
typically high correlated to a person's chronological age |
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social clock
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when culture establishes norms associated with the timing of events
(rites of passage, graduating from high school, or college, getting married, retiring) |
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normative history-graded influences
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events or conditions that people in a given culture or society experience simultaneously
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non normative influences
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things that most people do not experience--uncommon, rare, or unanticipated events
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primary aging
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refers to the basic biological processes that are genetically programmed and that take place with the passage of time
include: -age related anatomical and functional changes -changes that are progressive -changes that are inevitable -changes that are universally experienced -changes that are irreversible -changes that eventually lead to death |
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age related anatomical and functional changes
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changes in immune system and ability to fight infection or disease, changes in vision or hearing, function of joints
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changes that are progressive
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at 30. we lose brain neurons. at 50, brain size reduced to 97%, by 70, brain size reduced 92%
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changes that are inevitable
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declines in sensory functions. hearing, vision, taste, balance become less acute. reaction times become slower
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changes that are universally experienced regardless of any society or culture
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changes in brain weight and the inevitable
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Hayflick limit
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what accounts for the aging process and life expectancy
proposed that there are 3 cellular factors that cause aging: 1. the diminished capacity to adapt to stressors 2. reduction in the speed of performance 3. increased susceptibility to disease |
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secondary aging
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physiological declines that are the result of environmental and behavioral influences that significantly impact how we age
influenced by lifestyle choices such as smoking, poor nutrition, lack of exercise |
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ageism
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refers to the stereotypical attitudes people hold about the aging and the elderly
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ageist
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people who have a fixed and negative mind-set about older people
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marital satisfaction
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characteristics of relational quality in older couples
--fewer sources of conflict --greater potential for pleasure --tend to be more affectionate --sources of conflict change |
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sexuality
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half of all americans over 60 report they are sexually active
those over 60 are more sexually active than those in their 70s the gap between 60s and 70s may be due to women living longer than their partners |
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divorce in elderly population
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relatively infrequent but it does happen
-more traumatic -financial burdens are greater -significantly impacts parent-child relationship |
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remarriage in elderly populations
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rare, but also happens
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intergenerational ties
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refer to the relationships between family members across multiple generations, and these relationships are indeed important to the aging population
include relationship among parents and children, daughters in law, sons in law, nieces, aunts, stepchildren, grandparents |
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fictive kin
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people who are not biologically related to someone, but who fulfill a family roll
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empty nest
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the home with no children
issues -changes in or loss of roles -marital issues -career changes -caregiving shifts -relationships with children changes |
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parent adult child relationship
4 factors |
1. gender
2. geographic distance 3. parent's marital status 4. familial culture |
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styles of grandparenting
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-formal
-fun seeker -distant -surrogate -dispenser of wisdom |
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formal grandparenting
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traditional, baby sit occasionally, "hands off" with childrearing and discipline
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fun seeker grandparenting
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have relationship w/ grandchildren that is characterized by informal playfulness
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companionate relationship
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warm, loving, nurturing
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distant grandparenting
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little or no contact w/ grandchildren
remote relationship |
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surrogate grandparenting
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assume role of parent
described involved relationship |
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dispenser of wisdom grandparenting
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authoritarian figure offers information and advice
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retirement is a developmental process--6 stages
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1. pre-retirement
2. retirement 3. disenchantment 4. reorientation 5. retirement routine 6. termination of retirement |
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phase 1:pre-retirement
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people begin to consider retirement, begin to disengage from workplace
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phase 2: retirement
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retire from paid workforce, usually has 3 routes to take:
honeymoon-taking it easy, vacation, leisure activity immediate retirement routine- ability to establish a comfortable schedule rest and relaxation: low activity initially but activity levels increase after a few years |
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phase 3: disenchantment
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experience a period of disappointment and uncertainty
miss feeling productive, useful, and needed |
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phase 4: reorientation
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retirees start making adjustments that will improve their lives
take up new hobbies, volunteer, relocate |
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phase 5: retirement routine
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ability to master a comfortable, rewarding and satisfying retirement routine
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phase 6: termination of retirement
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decline physically, becoming dependent on partner or spouse, elder care
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life orientation
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refers to emphasis pre-retirees or retirees place on various aspects of life, such as family life and economic security
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marital intimacy: 3 types
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1. reciprocity-both spouses confide in one another and self-disclose
2. nonreciprocity-one spouse confides, the other doesn't 3. segregative-neither spouse shares with the other |
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caregiving career
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makes up those years caregivers tend to dependent children, aging parents, and eventually, dependent husbands or wives
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characteristics of caregivers
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-dominated by women, making daughters and daughters in law the most common caregiver
--73% of all caregivers are women, with an average age of 46 --women are more likely than men to miss work or reduce workload in order to care for a family member or an ailing spouse --90% of caregivers for people w/ alzheimer's are women |
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why are caregivers mostly women?
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-women experience greater emotional closeness to their parents, feel greater need to care for them as they age
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multiple tasks for caring for aging parents or spouse
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-emotional support
-personal care -instrumental help -financial management or assistance -making decisions about care and arranging any required care by physicians, nursing, social services, etc |
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caregiver burden
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when caregiving responsibilities exert physical and emotional wear and tear on caregivers
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stressors associated w/ caregiving
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-receiving complaints and criticisms from parents
-uncooperative or demanding parents -agitate parents -forgetful or unresponsive parents -helping w/ personal care needs -managing a parent's financial or legal affairs -receiving little help from family or friends |
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stressful aspects of caregiving
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-transformation of a cherished relationship
-problematic physical behaviors -cognitive impairments |
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rewards of caregiving
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-knowing the parent is well cared for
-spending quality time w/ parent -enjoying parent's affection and appreciation -seeing a parent derive pleasure from small things -seeing a parent calm and content -experiencing a closer relationship w/ a parent |
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sandwich generation
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being in the middle of two generations--parenting adolescent or younger children while at the same time caring for aging parents
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parents' losses
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-lose financial stability
-social network -aging friends begin to die, social identity is eroded |
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adult children's losses (caregiver)
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-less time to spend w/ own spouses and children, or furthering careers
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parents' needs
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-physical and financial needs
-emotional needs -business needs -spiritual needs and concerns |
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adult children's needs
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-nurture marital or other intimate relationships by making time to spend w/ one another
-guard own mental, emotional, and physical health -parent out of love, not guilt -be realistic |
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death anxiety
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fear of death--whether our own death or the death of a loved one
refers to the tension, feelings of distress, and apprehension with discussions and thoughts of death |
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lingering trajectory of death
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one in which the transition from life to death takes an extended period of time, such as w/ some types of cancer, diabetes, or other progressive illnesses
--advantageous in that it allows both dying person and family time to get used to the idea of dying, work out any unresolved conflicts, and engage in meaningful life review |
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expected quick trajectory
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typically associated w/ an acute crisis or illness, such as a heart attack or vehicle accident
--time is a critical factor several types of expected quick trajectories: --pointed, danger period, crisis, will probably die |
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pointed trajectory
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ill person may or may not be saved, and thus is exposed to any number of very high-risk procedures in an attempt to save the life
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danger period
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ill person may or may not be conscious. family waits as family member lingers between life and death, waiting for the danger to subside
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crisis
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ill person is not in immediate danger of dying, but still runs the risk of dying suddenly, such as w/ an acute case of pneumonia
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will probably die
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nothing can be done to preserve the life of the ill person. medical staff keep the person as comfortable as possible as family member wait for death to occur
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unexpected quick trajectory
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has elements of time pressure and surprise
typically not enough time to save the life of the injured or ill person no time allowed for friends and family to plan or to prepare themselves emotionally |
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mourning
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refers to the culturally prescribed expressions of the thoughts and feelings of a bereaved person
--how people display their grief |
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bereaved person
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someone who suffers the loss of a loved one
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bereavement
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refers to a person's specific, unique reactions following the news that a loved one has died
--experienced only by people who lose someone to death |
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grief
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response to painful, forcible separation that takes place when we are faced w/ death
characterized by 3 emotional and cognitive stages: initial phase, intermediate phase, final phase |
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initial phase of grief
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shock, numbness, disbelief, followed by overwhelming sorrow
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intermediate phase of grief
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some tend to get angry at deceased or displace anger onto other family members or healthcare providers
experience anguish, disorganization, despair, and may feel they have lost hte motivation to carry on |
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final phase of grief
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recovery and reorganization occur but may take several years.
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