Cestodes

Front 1

beef tapeworm

Back 1

Taenia saginata is known as the ________________ of humans.

Front 2

Taenia saginata

Back 2

• It is cosmopolitan in distribution. • Humans serve only as definitive host and never as intermediate hosts. • Therefore, human cysticercosis due to this species does not occur.

Front 3

square in shape

mature male and female reproductive organs

Back 3

Mature proglottids are approximately _____________, and they contain ______________________.

Front 4

median clubshaped uterus

Back 4

There are two large lobes of ovaries and a __________________.

Front 5

sphincter

Back 5

The vagina of T. saginata has a

__________.

Front 6

15 to 20

Back 6

The uterus is distended with ova and has ________ lateral branches. The genital pores of proglottids are irregularly alternate.

Front 7

spherical or subspherical

Back 7

Taenia spp. ova are __________________ in shape, measuring 30 to 45 μm in diameter.

Front 8

brownish in color, with a thick embryophore

Back 8

The ova are ___________________________________which appears striated because of numerous pits.

Front 9

oncosphere or embryo

Back 9

Inside the eggshell is the _______________________ provided with three pairs of hooklets

Front 10

identifying the characteristic proglottids, eggs or scolex.

Back 10

Specific diagnosis rests on _______________________

Front 11

India ink

15-20

7-13

Back 11

Injection of ________ through the genital pore will help one make an accurate count of the lateral branches of the uterus (________ for T. saginata and ______ for T. solium).

Front 12

Perianal swabs

Back 12

____________ may also be useful because eggs are left in the perianal skin as the gravid segments squeeze out of the anal opening

Front 13

praziquantel

Back 13

 The drug of choice is _____________.  ____________ is given at a dose of 5 to 10 mg/kg as a single dose for both adults and children.

Front 14

(a) recovery of the scolex, or

(b) a negative stool examination 3 months after treatment.

Back 14

Criteria for the cure include the following:

Front 15

pork tapeworm

Back 15

Taenia solium is known as the ________________ of man.

Front 16

Taenia solium

Back 16

is known as the pork tapeworm of man.  It has a cosmopolitan distribution.  Man may serve as both a definitive host and an intermediate host.  Therefore, both intestinal and tissue infections occur in man.

Front 17

four acetabula

Back 17

 The scolex of T. solium has _________________, but it is smaller (1 mm) and more spherical that that of the beef tapeworm.

Front 18

cushion-like rostellum with a double crown

Back 18

The scolex carries a _______________________ of 25 to 30 large and small hooks, which are absent in T. saginata.

Front 19

fecal-oral

Back 19

Human infection with cysticercus cellulosae can be acquired through

____________ route by ingesting Taenia solium eggs from contaminated food or drink.

Front 20

Intestinal infection

Back 20

 T. solium intestinal infection results in mild non-specific abdominal complaints.

 Unlike in T. saginata infections, proglottids are not as active and, therefore, obstruction of the bile duct, pancreatic duct, or the appendix is unlikely.

Front 21

striated muscle and in the brain, but the subcutaneous tissues, eye, heart, lung, and peritoneum may be involved.

Back 21

The cysticerci are often multiple and can develop in any organ or tissue.  Most commonly, they are located in __________________________________

Front 22

neurocysticercosis (NCC)

Back 22

One of the most serious manifestations is _________________________, which is considered as one of the most serious zoonotic diseases worldwide.

Front 23

parenchymal

extraparenchymal

subarachnoid

intraventricular

spinal

Back 23

NCC is divided into two general forms, ________________ and

__________________, which, in turn, is further divided into _______________ or meningitic, _________________, and

_________.

Front 24

racemous cysticercosis

Back 24

The subarachnoid form may lead to an aggressive form of NCC called

____________________. In this form, there is a proliferation of cysts in the base of the brain. This form has a poor prognosis

Front 25

identifying the characteristic proglottids, eggs, or scolex

Back 25

A. Taeniasis  Specific diagnosis of taeniasis rests on ___________________________ as described in the T. saginata subsection.

Front 26

Computed axial tomography (CAT) scans

nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 26

_________________ and ______________________ are useful for localizing cysticerci and evaluating the pathology before and after treatment.

Front 27

viable larva with no inflammation

a dead larva

dead scolex

Back 27

 There are three main CAT scan patterns: (a) a round low-density area without surrounding enhancement after administration of contrast dye, (b) ring-like enhancement after injection of contrast dye, and (c) a small calcified area within a cystic space. The first pattern shows a _________________; the second, ______________; and the third shows a ______________.

Front 28

praziquantel

niclosamide

Back 28

A. Taeniasis  The drugs of choice are _____________ and ______________. Because of the theoretical possibility of autoinfection and subsequent cysticercosis, treatment should not be delayed.

Front 29

dwarf tapeworm

smallest tapeworm infecting humans

Back 29

Hymenolepis nana, commonly known as the ________________, is a cyclophyllidean tapeworm and is the

______________________.

Front 30

HYMENOLEPIS NANA

Back 30

The parasite is the only human tapeworm, which can complete its entire life cycle in a single host, indicating that it does not require an obligatory intermediate host.

Front 31

subglobular with four cup-shaped suckers

Back 31

The scolex is ______________.

Front 32

Y-shaped hooklets

Back 32

There is a retractable rostellum armed with a single row of 20 to 30 _________________.

Front 33

The oncosphere has a thin outer membrane and a thick inner membrane with conspicuous bipolar thickenings, from each of which arise four to eight hair-like polar filaments embedded in the inner membrane

Back 33

Eggs are spherical or subspherical, colorless or claycolored, measuring 30 to 47 μm in diameter.  .

Front 34

demonstration of the characteristic eggs in the patient’s stool.

Back 34

Specific diagnosis is made by

Front 35

rat tapeworm

Back 35

Hymenolepis diminuta is a cosmopolitan parasite primarily of rats, hence the common name, _______________.

Front 36

bile stained

Back 36

 H. diminuta eggs are circular, about 60 to 80 μm in diameter and are ______________.

Front 37

bipolar thickenings but lacks the bipolar filaments.

Back 37

The oncosphere is enclosed in an inner membrane, which has _____________________.

Front 38

fan-like arrangement

Back 38

The hooklets usually have a __________________.

Front 39

identification of eggs from the stool

Back 39

Diagnosis is based on the

____________________.

Front 40

Dipylidium caninum

Back 40

is a very common intestinal parasite of dogs and cats worldwide, especially in dog populations where ectoparasitism is high.

Front 41

Dog tapeworm

Cat tapeworm

Pumpkin seed tapeworm

Back 41

Common names of Dipylidium caninum

Front 42

rose thornshaped hooklets

Back 42

The scolex is small and globular with four deeply cupped suckers and a protrusible rostellum, which is armed with one to seven rows of ________________.

Front 43

double pored tapeworm

Back 43

The proglottids are narrow with two sets of male and female reproductive organs and bilateral genital pores, earning for this parasite the common name _______________

Front 44

pumpkin seed

Back 44

The gravid proglottids have the size and shape of __________________ and are filled with capsules or packets of

about 8 to 15 eggs enclosed in an embryonic membrane. When the gravid segments are detached, they either migrate out of the anus or are passed out with the feces.

Front 45

established upon recovery of the characteristic gravid proglottids passed out singly or in chain.

Back 45

Diagnosis is ______________________.

Front 46

hammer-shaped hooks

Back 46

The rostellum is armed with two alternating circular rows of 90 to 140 _____________________. Several rows of spines also surround the rostellum.

Front 47

outer elongated membrane

inner spherical membrane

Back 47

The oncosphere is enclosed in two thin membranes: an __________________ and an __________________.

Front 48

Diphyllobothrium latum

Back 48

belongs to the Order Pseudophyllidea.  It is just one of the 13 species of Diphyllobothrium that infects human.

Front 49

fish tapeworm or the broad tapeworm

Back 49

It is commonly called the ______________________.

Front 50

bothria or sucking grooves

Back 50

 It has two _________________, which are located dorsally and ventrally.

Front 51

dark, rosette-like, coiled uterus

Back 51

The ___________________________. located in the middle of the gravid proglottid extends from the ootype and opens through a uterine pore in the midventral line behind the common genital pore. A symmetrical bilobed ovary is present at the posterior third of the proglottid immediately above the Mehlis’ gland. From the common genital pore, the vagina extends up to join the oviduct and the vitelline duct. Unlike in Taeniidae, the proglottids of D. latum disintegrate only when the segment has completed its reproductive function

Front 52

inconspicuous operculum

Back 52

The ova are usually yellowish brown, with a moderately thick shell and an

___________________.

Front 53

hyperchromic, megaloblastic anemia with thrombocytopenia and leukopenia.

Back 53

latum infection results in

____________________.

Front 54

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Back 54

Anemia seen in diphyllobothriasis is typically similar to that seen in ____________________ and could be mistaken for pernicious anemia.

Front 55

E. granulosus E. multilocularis

E. vogeli

E. oligarthrus

Back 55

There are six recognized Echinococcus species, four of which are of public health importance.

Front 56

E. multilocularis, E. vogeli, and E. oligarthrus

Back 56

are less common because their life cycles are sylvatic

Front 57

pyriform scolex, a short neck, and three proglottids: one immature, one mature, and one gravid.

Back 57

It measures 3 to 6 mm in length and possesses a _______________________.

Front 58

unilocular hydatid cysts

alveolar cysts

Back 58

The cysts of E. granulosus are called

______________________, while those of E. multilocularis are considered

_____________.

Front 59

Percutaneous aspiration, injection, re-aspiration (PAIR) technique

Back 59

____________________________ may be indicated for patients with single or multiple cysts in the liver, abdominal cavity, spleen, kidney, or bones, who cannot undergo surgery. This technique involves: a) ultrasound-guided percutaneous puncture b) aspiration of substantial amounts of cystic fluid c) injection of a protoscolicidal agent (e.g., 95% ethanol or hypertonic saline) for at least 15 minutes d) re-aspiration.

Front 60

Spirometry spp.

Back 60

Sparganosis refers to the larval infection with the plerocercoid larvae, also known as spargana, of pseudophyllidean tapeworms falling under the Genus Spirometra.

Front 61

Spirometra mansoni

Spirometra erinacei

Spirometra ranarum

Back 61

There are many species of Spirometra, but those commonly involved in human sparganosis are

_________________,

_________________, and ______________.

Front 62

sparganosis

Back 62

Humans may be infected through: a) drinking water containing Cyclops or copepods infected with procercoid larvae b) eating infected second intermediate hosts like frogs, toads, or snakes containing the plerocercoid larvae c) applying plerocercoid infected flesh of frogs and snakes as poultices on sores on the eye, vagina, and skin resulting in subsequent penetration into cutaneous tissues d) consumption of infected flesh of paratenic hosts like wild pigs. The resulting condition is called __________________.

Front 63

migrating tumor

Back 63

Patients may complain of painful edema due to migrating larvae, hence, the condition is also known as __________________.

Front 64

E. granulosus E. multilocularis

E. vogeli

E. oligarthrus

Back 64

There are six recognized Echinococcus species, four of which are of public health importance.

Front 65

E. granulosus and E. multiloculari

Back 65

cause cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis, respectively

Front 66

E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus

Back 66

both cause polycystic echinococcosis