Cervical/thoracic Spine

Front 1

Vertebral Column

Back 1

>commonly called spine or spinal column

>supporting column for trunk and head also transmits weight of the trunk & upper body to the lower limbs

>located in the midsagittal plane, forming the posterior or dorsal aspect of the bony trunk of the body

>Divided to 5 section
Cervical Spine 7
Thoracic Spine 12
Lumbar Spine 5
Sacrum 5 1
Coccyx 4 1
Total child 33 adult 26

Front 2

Spinal Canal

Back 2

>begins at the base of the skull & extends distally into the sacrum

>canal contains th espinal cord & is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Front 3

Spinal Cord

Back 3

>w/c is enclosed and proted by the spinal canal begins w/medulla oblongata of the brain

>passess through the foramen magnum of the skull & continues through the first cervical vertebra off the way down to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra where it tapers of fto a poing called conus medullaris.

Front 4

Intervertebral disks

Back 4

>Tough fibrocartilaginous disks separate typical adult vertebra

>Cushion-like disks are tightly bound to the vertebrae for spinal stability allow for flexibility and movement of the vertebral column

Front 5

C-Spine (Vertebrae)

Back 5

>1st 7 vertebrae

Front 6

Thoracic spine (Vertebrae)

Back 6

>next 12 vertebrae each connects to a pair of ribs

Front 7

Lumbar Spine (Vertebrae)

Back 7

>largest individual vertebrae are the 5 lumbar spine
>strongest vertebral column w/c carry the weight of the body as increases toward the inferior end of the column
>for this reason the cartilaginous disks between the inferior lumbar vertebrae are common sites for injury & pathology

Front 8

Sacrum & Coccyx

Back 8

>the sacrum & coccyx (tailbone) develop as multiple separate bones & then fuse into tow distinct bones.
>Newborn - 5 sacral & 4 coccyx adult hood will fuse into 1 sacral & and 4 coccyx

Front 9

Concave

Convex

Back 9

>rounded inward or depressed surface like a "cave"

>rounded outward or elevated surface

Front 10

First Compensatory Curve

Back 10

>Cervical curvature-concave, lordotic

>Children begin to raise their head & sit up

Front 11

Second Compensatory Curve

Back 11

>Lumbar curvature-concave, lordotic

>Children learn to walk

Front 12

First Primary Curve

Back 12

Thoracic curvature-convex

Front 13

First Secondary Curve

Back 13

Sacral curvature - convex

Front 14

Lordosis

Back 14

>means bent backward
>exaggerated lumbar curvature "swayback" increased concavity

Front 15

Kyphosis

Back 15

>meaning hump
>abnormal or exaggerated thoracic "humpback" curvature with increased convexity

Front 16

Scoliosis

Back 16

>abnormal exaggeratedlateral curvature

>S-shaped lateral curvature exist

Front 17

A typical vertebra consists of two main parts:

Back 17

1) Body
>is thick, weight-bearing anterior part of the vertebra.
>superior/anterior surfaces are flat & rough for attachment of the intervertebral disks.

2)Vertebral Arch
>ring or arch of bone extending posteriorly from the vertebral body
>the posterior surface of the body & the arch from a circular opening, the vertebral foramen w/c contains the spinal cord.
>vertebral (spinal) canal enclosed & protects spinal cord.

Front 18

Pedicles
(Superior perspective)

Back 18

>extend posteriorly form either side of the vertebral body

>form most of the sides of the vertebral arch

Front 19

Laminae
(Superior perspective)

Back 19

>posterior part of the vertebral arch formed by 2 some what flat layers of bone

>each lamina extendsposteriorly from each pedicle to unite in the midline

Front 20

Transverse process
(Superior perspective)

Back 20

>extending laterally form approximately the junction of each pedicle and lamina is a projection

Front 21

Spinous process
(Superior perspective)

Back 21

>extends posteriorly at the midline junction of the two laminae

>can be palpated along the posterior surface of the neck and back

Front 22

Vertebral Arch

Back 22

>has 2 pedicles & 2 laminae

Front 23

4 Articular Processes

Back 23

2 superior(Superior articular processess right & left)

2 inferior(inferior articular processes right & left)

Front 24

Intervertebral Joints

Back 24

>are slightly movable joints between the vertebral bodyes

>the intervertebral disks located in these joints are tightly bound to the adjacent vertebral bodies for spinal stability but also allow for flexibiltiy and move of the vertebral column

Front 25

Zygapophyseal Joints

Back 25

facets - 4 articular process

Front 26

Costal Joints

Back 26

articulations of the ribs to the thoracic vertebra

Front 27

Intervertebral Foramen

Back 27

>when vertebrae are stacked the superior and inferior vertebral notches line up. These 2 half-moon-shaped areas form a single opening
>therefore between every two vertebrae are two intevertebral foramina one on each side, through w/c important spinal nerves nd blood vessels pass.

Front 28

Annulus Fibrosus

Back 28

each disk consists of an outer fibrous portion

Front 29

Nucleus Pulposus

Back 29

a soft semigelatinous inner part

Front 30

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus(HNP)

Back 30

>soft inner part protrudes throught the outer fibrous layer, it presses on the spinl cord & causes severe pain & numbness that radites into the lower limbs aka "slipped disk"