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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Features of the cervical vertebrae |
Smallest and most mobile Has transverse foramen |
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What is the coupling motion in C2/3-C7T1 |
Sidebending and rotation occur in the same direction |
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What are features of the Atlas |
C1 Supports head No body, spinous process Concave sup facets to accept convex occipital condyles |
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What are features of the Axis? |
Large body Rigid vertical axis of rotation for C1 Slightly onvex superior articular facets which articulate with inferior facets of atlas |
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What are the three vessels of the Vertebrobasilar Artery? |
2 vertebral arteries Basilar |
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What are the 4 parts of the VBA? |
Proximal Transverse Suboccipital Intracranial |
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Describe the Proximal part of the vba |
Origin of the subclavian to where it enters the transverse foramen of cervical spine Around C6 |
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Describe the Transverse portion of the VBA |
From entrace into the TF to C2 |
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Describe the subclavian portion of the VBA |
Exit at atlas to where it enters the spinal cord |
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Describe the Intracranial portion of the VBA |
From point of entry into the foramen magnum |
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How do the vertebral arteries form the basilar? |
Two vertebral arteries join to form basilar at the lower border of the pons. Continues until it joins with other arteries to form the circle of wilis |
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What is the Tunica Adventitia |
Outer portion of VBA. Resists expansion and bursting with high pressure |
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What is the Tunica Media |
Concentric smooth muscle Expands and recoils to meet demand - reduces friction |
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What is the Tunica Intima |
Endothelium and subendotheilial connective tissue Reduces friction/prevents clotts |
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What are the primary causes of external VBA injury |
Stress at craniovertebral region: kins with C1/2 rot Limited mobility thru TF Degenerative changes causing tension |
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What are the primary causes of internal VBA injury |
Atherosclerosis Thrombosis Artial Fibrodysplasia Kipple trenaunay Syndrome AV fistulae |
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What is a VBA Dissection |
Tear at T. Intima Blood flows between the intima and media Wall of artery thickens leading to stenosis Increased risk of rupture |
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Where can blunt trauma occur with the VBA |
at the suboccipital portion of the artery where it lies between the bone and the muscles just prior to entering the cranium the artery is vulerable |
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What causes vertebrobasilar insufficiency? |
Symptoms due to decreased blood flow in the posterior circuclation of the brain |
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Signs and symptoms of VBI |
Dizziness Diplopia Dysarthria Dysphagia Drop Attacks |
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What is posterior AO membrane |
Extension of lig flavum. Connects posterior arch of C1 (atlas) to occiput (foramen magnun) |
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What is the Anterior AO membrane? |
Extension of ALL. Connects Ant Arch of C1 to occiput |
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What is the Tectorial membrane |
Broad strong band. Covers Odontoid process and ligaments Extension of PLL Post Body of axis to basilar groove of occipital bone Prevents Cv Flexion |
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Describe the Alar Lig |
On right will resist left rotation and right side bend Dens to medial occiptial condyless Runs SPL Resists Fx, CL rot, CL sidebend |
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Describe Apical Lig |
Base of dens to ant rim of foramen magnum |
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Describe Lig Nuche |
Elastic lig that extends from the external occipital protuberance and middle nuchal line to seventh cervical vertebra |
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Describe the AA Joint |
Anterior and posterior AA ligaments Transverse ligament -Extends between lateral masses of atlas, connects atlas with dens of axis |
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Describe the Rectus Cap Pos Maj |
SP of C2 to lateral inf nuchal line Extension, ips rotation |
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Describe Rectus Cap Pos Min |
Tubercle on pos arch of atlas to medial aspect of inf nuchal line Extension |
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Describe Obliquus Cap Inf |
Apex of C2 SP laterally and superiorly to the ing aspect of TP of C1 Ips Rot |
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Describe Obliquus Cap Sup |
Sup surface of the TP of C1 runs sup and medially to insert on base of occiput Ext, Cont Ext |
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What are the combined action of the Occipital muscles? |
Unilateral: Ips SB at AO joint Bilateral: Extension |
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What is the role of the occipital muscles in stability |
Sym activation important in maintaining stability of AO joint Inf Oblique maintains AA at rest and with mvmt Provide support to TR lig - holds odontoid processes in place and prevents posterior dislocation |
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What are the anterior CV Muscles |
Rectus Cap Ant
-Lateral mass of atlas to occiput Rectus Cap Lat -TP of atlas and inserts just lateral to occipital condyle Together = CV Flexion |
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Describe the Longus Colli Muscle |
Ant surface of cervical vert and upper 3 thoracic to tubercle on ant arch of C1 |
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Describe the Longus Capitus Muscle |
Ant tubercles of TP at mid-lower cerivcal levels |
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Describe the SCM |
Bilateral: Flexion (lower cervical) and extension (upper cervical) Unilateral: Ips Side bend, contra rotation |
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Describe the Scalenes |
AMP Brachial Plexus between A and M -Compression can cause UE sensory or motor changes Uni - Lateral flexion BiL - LImited flexion, primarily involved in ventilation and stability |
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Describe the Splenius Cervicis |
SP of T3-6 to posterior tubercles of TPs at C1-3
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Describe Splenius Capitus |
Inf half of lig nuche and Sp of C7-T4 to mastoid process and lateral 1/3 of sup nuchal line of occiput |
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Movements of Posterior Region Muscles |
Unilateral: Lateral Flexion and ips rot Bilateral: Extend upper cervical |
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Dorsal Rami of the Cervical Region |
C1 - Suboccipital - suboc muscles and AO jt C2 - Greater Occipital Nerve - AA jt C3 3rd Occ Nerve - Innervates the C2/3 Zygapophyseal jt |
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What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve |
Opthalmic Maxillary Mandibular |
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What is the trigeminalcervical nucleus |
Sensory inputfrom trigeminal nerve converge with sensory input from the upper cervical nerveswithin the same nucleus. All C rami can be sensed in trigeminal (Proposed rational for Cervico headaches) |
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Describe movements at the AO joint |
Convex on concave Flexion - ant roll and post slide Ext - Pos roll and ant slide Rot - Flexion on ips and extension on contra SB - ips condyle sliding up while contra condyle slides down |
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Movements at the AA joint |
Minimal F/E 10-30deg Rot: Downward and backward gliding of ips lateral mass along with downward and forward glide of contralateral mass SB and Rot occur in opposite directions |
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What are the movements in the cervical spine? |
Fl: SAL glide of superior on inferior level Ex: IMP glide of superior level on inferior level Rot/SB: Ex on ips and Fx on contra Rot and SB occur in the same direction |
