Certified Six Sigma Black Belt Ch 1-24

Front 1

________________ worked at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric, where he developed and used control charts. He is sometimes referred to as the father of statistical quality control (SQC) because he brought together the disciplines of statistics, engineering, and economics.

Back 1

Walter A. Shewhart

Front 2

_________________ pursued a varied career in management beginning in 1924 as an engineer, executive, government administrator, university professor, labor arbitrator, corporate director, and consultant. He developed the ________ trilogy, three managerial processes—quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement—for use in managing for quality.

Back 2

Joseph M. Juran

Front 3

____________ originated the zero defects concept, was an ASQ honorary member and past president. He wrote many books, including Quality is free (1979), Quality without Tears (1984), Let’s Talk Quality (1990), and Leading: The Art of Becoming an Executive (1990).

Back 3

Philip B. Crosby

Front 4

__________ originated the concept of total quality control in his book Total Quality Control (1991), first published in 1951. His three steps include: Quality Leadership, Modern Quality technology and Organizational commitment.

Back 4

Armand V. Feigenbaum

Front 5

____________ developed the cause and effect diagram. He worked with Deming through the Union of Japanese Scientist and Engineers (JUSE).

Back 5

Kaoru Ishikawa

Front 6

_____________ has been recognized as the leader in developing the concept of lean manufacturing systems.

Back 6

Toyota Company

Front 7

______ are people with statistical thinking at all levels and have extensive training in advanced statistics and project management.

Back 7

Black Belts

Front 8

DMAIC stands for _________, ____________,______________,____________,_____________

Back 8

Define, measure, analyze, improve, control

Front 9

Six Sigma quality performance means ____ defects per million opportunities (accounting for a _____ sigma shift in the mean.

Back 9

3.4, 1.5

Front 10

____________ is a term that describes a process step or function that is not required for the direct achievement of process output.

Back 10

Non-value added

Front 11

_______ manufacturing seeks to eliminate or reduce these wastes by use of the following: teamwork, clean workspaces, flow systems, pull systems, and reduced lead times.

Back 11

Lean

Front 12

______and ___________ have the same general purpose of providing the customer with the best possible quality, cost, delivery, and a newer attribute, nimbleness.

Back 12

Lean and Six Sigma

Front 13

______ focuses on waste production, whereas ____________ emphasizes variation reduction.

Back 13

Lean, Six Sigma

Front 14

_________systems have helped to improve standard work because each person better understands what the next person needs. They are also better equipped to accommodate absences and the training of new people.

Back 14

Team

Front 15

A __________ allocates resources to support team-based problem identification and solution and allocates resources to install corrections and ensure that the problems do not recur.

Back 15

Leader

Front 16

Some companies try to have 30-40 minutes of ____________ per shift, because only when the line is__________ are they solving problems and making improvements.

Back 16

Down-time, down

Front 17

People need _________ and ___________ to digest and react to changes.

Back 17

Time, opportunity

Front 18

Use data regarding market share, competition, and prospects for expansion. ______________ is a useful tool.

Back 18

Benchmarking

Front 19

Communicate a ________________ of a future state with a successful change.

Back 19

View

Front 20

Establish and communicate near term, intermediate term, and long term goals and ________.

Back 20

Metrics

Front 21

Identify and use ______ for change; identify and ________ barriers to change.

Back 21

Forces, reduce

Front 22

Communicate early success and _________ those responsible.

Back 22

Recognize

Front 23

Lock in _________________.

Back 23

Improvements

Front 24

Establish the need for being a __________, changing organization.

Back 24

Nimble

Front 25

_________ planning is a process in which a company develops up to four vision statements that indicate where the company should be in the next five years.

Back 25

Hoshin

Front 26

Once Six Sigma projects have had some success, there will usually be more _______________ than it is possible to undertake at one time.

Back 26

Project ideas

Front 27

It is common to require that project proposals include precise statements of the ___________ definition and some preliminary measures of the seriousness of the problem, including its impact on the goals of the enterprise.

Back 27

Problem

Front 28

Metrics are usually converted to financial terms such as ______________, _______________, _______________ and ______________.

Back 28

Return on investment, cost reduction, increases in sales, and or profit

Front 29

Black Belts must be thoroughly trained in __________ methods and be proficient at working with teams to implement project success.

Back 29

Statistical

Front 30

A _____________ is a Six Sigma role associated with an individual typically assigned full time to train and mentor Green Belts as well as lead improvement projects using specified methodologies such as _________, and verify ________.

Back 30

Black Belt, DMAIC, DMADV

Front 31

A ____________ is a Six Sigma role associated with an individual who retains his or her regular position within the firm but is trained in the tools, methods, and skills necessary to conduct Six Sigma improvement projects either individually or as part of larger teams.

Back 31

Green Belt

Front 32

A ___________ is a Six Sigma role associated with a senior manager who ensures his or her projects are aligned with the organization’s strategic goals and priorities, provides the Six Sigma team with resources removes organizational barriers for the team, participates in project tollgate reviews, and essentially serves as the team’s backer.

Back 32

Champion

Front 33

____________ demonstrate their support for Six Sigma through their communications and actions.

Back 33

Executive

Front 34

A _____________ is a Six Sigma role associated with an individual who coordinates the various functions and work activities at all levels of a process, has the authority or ability to make changes in the process as required, and manages the entire process cycle as to ensure performance effectiveness.

Back 34

Process owner

Front 35

___________ are those who have a vested interest in the process and/ or its outcomes. They usually include customers, suppliers, employees, investors, and communities.

Back 35

Stakeholders

Front 36

_______ _______ to a process are those outside the enterprise that provide process inputs, including sources of materials, purchased parts, contracted services, electrical power, and so on.

Back 36

External suppliers

Front 37

_______ _________ to a process are departments or processes inside the enterprise that provide inputs.

Back 37

Internal suppliers

Front 38

The most effective Six Sigma projects involve teams representing ________ ________ and all ______.

Back 38

Process owners, stakeholders

Front 39

________ _________ buy in is usually necessary to implement real process improvement.

Back 39

Stakeholder

Front 40

A Six Sigma project may impact stakeholders in the following ways:

a. Process inputs may be ______ , which changes the requirements to suppliers.

Back 40

Altered

Front 41

A Six Sigma project may impact stakeholders in the following ways:

b. Process procedures may be ________ that impacts operators and managers.

Back 41

Changes

Front 42

A Six Sigma project may impact stakeholders in the following ways:

c. Process outputs may be ________ which impacts customers.

Back 42

Altered

Front 43

A Six Sigma project may impact stakeholders in the following ways:

d. _________ to tooling, preventive maintenance schedules, and so forth impact the suppliers of those materials and services.

Back 43

Changes

Front 44

The concept behind Critical to x (CTx), where x is a variable is simply that x is an _______ or _______ of impact on the customer.

Back 44

Area, areas

Front 45

Process CTxs represent ____________ product or process performance characteristics and act to quantify the critical customer requirements.

Back 45

Measurable

Front 46

_________ may include the physical dimensions of height, width, depth, and weight.

Back 46

Critical to Quality

Front 47

_________ are similar to CTQs but deal exclusively with the impact of cost on the customer.

Back 47

Critical to Cost

Front 48

__________ are typically key process input variables.

Back 48

Critical to Process

Front 49

__________ are stated customer needs regarding the safety of the products or process.

Back 49

Critical to Safety

Front 50

___________ represent those customers with stated needs regarding delivery.

Back 50

Critical to Delivery

Front 51

A useful tool for ensuring this alignment or translation from critical customer requirement to CTx is the ____________.

Back 51

Tree diagram

Front 52

Benchmarking is the use of _________.

Back 52

Comparisons

Front 53

Benchmarking often assist a Six Sigma team in setting ______ and finding new ways to achieve them.

Back 53

Targets

Front 54

The four steps of benchmarking: 1. _________ the operation, 2. Know the ____________ and __________ 3. ___________ the best of the best 4. Gain _______________

Back 54

Analyzing, competition, industry leaders, Incorporate, superiority

Front 55

________________ provides easy access to other departments within the same company. However the search for exceptional performance is often limited.

Back 55

Internal Benchmarking

Front 56

_____________ compares similar functions typically outside the organization’s industry and provides ample opportunities to seek out benchmarking partners.

Back 56

Functional benchmarking

Front 57

___________ refers to the cooperation between various functions or organizations to achieve benchmarking results.

Back 57

Collaborative benchmarking

Front 58

Unfortunately many organizations use too many ______, often lagging in nature, which may drown them in data and cause them to be unable to change with customer needs.

Back 58

Metrics

Front 59

The balanced scorecard, was a term coined by ____________ and _________ in the early 1990s.

Back 59

Robert S. Kaplan, David P. Norton

Front 60

_____________ provides the organization with insight into how well its goals, objectives, and strategies are contributing to shareholder value and the bottom line.

Back 60

Financial perspective

Front 61

_____________ defines an organization’s value proposition and measure how effective the organization is in creating value for its customers through its goals, objectives, strategies and processes.

Back 61

Customer perspective

Front 62

____________ includes all organizational processes designed to create and deliver the customer’s value proposition.

Back 62

Internal business processes perspective

Front 63

___________ generally includes the capabilities and skills of an organization and how it is focused and channeled to support the internal processes used to create customer value.

Back 63

Learning and growth perspective

Front 64

____________ are both financial and nonfinancial metrics that reflect an organization’s key business drivers

Back 64

Key performance indicators

Front 65

The SMART acronym:

a. ___________ should be laser focused and process based.

Back 65

Specific

Front 66

The SMART acronym:

b. ___________ must be quantitative and easily determined.

Back 66

Measureable

Front 67

The SMART acronym:

c. ___________ may be set with regard to benchmark levels, yet remain obtainable

Back 67

Achievable

Front 68

The SMART acronym:

d. ___________ should be linked to the organization’s strategies, goals and objectives

Back 68

Relevant

Front 69

The SMART acronym:

e. ___________ should reflect a specific period of time; they should never be open-ended.

Back 69

Time bounded

Front 70

Organizational _______ do not end with KPIs.

Back 70

metrics

Front 71

____________ is a term used to describe the behavior of customers---in particular, customers who exhibit a high level of satisfaction, conduct repeat business, or provide referrals and testimonials.

Back 71

Customer loyalty

Front 72

Some organizations strive blindly to _______ all their customers, including those that are unprofitable.

Back 72

Retain

Front 73

________ _________ is the projected increase in income that will result from the project

Back 73

Revenue growth

Front 74

An organization’s ____________ __________ of a particular product or service is that percentage of the dollar value that is sold relative to the total dollar value sold by all organizations in a given market.

Back 74

Market Share

Front 75

ROI = _____________/Cost X 100%

Back 75

Income

Front 76

The ROI metric measures the ____________ of an organization’s ability to use its resources to generate income.

Back 76

Effectiveness

Front 77

____________ is an amount to be received in the future. The formula is P=A(1 + i)-n

Back 77

Net present value

Front 78

P=_________, A=__________, i=__________

Back 78

Net present value, amount to be received n years from now, annual interest rate expressed as a decimal

Front 79

________ is expenses involved in the inspection process.

Back 79

Appraisal Costs

Front 80

________ is costs of all activities whose purpose is to prevent failures.

Back 80

Preventative Costs

Front 81

________ is costs incurred when a failure occurs in house.

Back 81

Internal Failure Cost

Front 82

________ is cost incurred when a failure occurs when the customer owns the product.

Back 82

External Failure Cost

Front 83

In general there are two types of teams _________ and __________.

Back 83

Informal, Formal

Front 84

________ teams are made up of people in different locations who may never meet in person.

Back 84

Virtual Teams

Front 85

_________ teams are formed to find and propose changes in specific processes. These teams are usually cross-functional.

Back 85

Process improvement teams

Front 86

_______ teams and _______ teams usually have a broader and more ongoing mission involving day-to-day operations.

Back 86

Self directed teams and work group teams

Front 87

The following are standard team roles____________, ___________, ____________,____________, ____________, and _____________.

Back 87

Team leader, sponsor, facilitator, scribe, coach, team member

Front 88

_________ chairs team meetings and maintains team focus on the goal, monitors progress toward the goal and communicates this to the organization, manages administrative details

Back 88

Team leader

Front 89

_________ selects objective and scope, organizes team, monitors progress via communication from the team leader and arranges for resources needed by the team.

Back 89

Sponsor

Front 90

_________ makes certain that all members have an opportunity for input and that a full discussion of issues occurs.

Back 90

Facilitator

Front 91

___________ maintains and publishes meeting minutes. May communicate action assignment reminders to individuals.

Back 91

Scribe

Front 92

_________ works with the team leader and facilitator to move the team towards its objective. Helps provide resources for completion of team member action assignments.

Back 92

Coach

Front 93

_________ participates in team meetings, communicates ideas and expertise, listens openly to all ideas and completes action assignments as scheduled.

Back 93

Team member

Front 94

Individuals like to be recognized and some forms of recognition include ___________, ____________ and _______________.

Back 94

Letters of appreciation, public expressions of appreciation, tokens of appreciation

Front 95

Teamwork may be enhanced by celebrating the achievement of a project __________.

Back 95

Milestone

Front 96

_______ is when members struggle to understand the goal and its meaning for them individually.

Back 96

Forming

Front 97

________ is when members express their own opinions and ideas, often disagreeing with others

Back 97

Storming

Front 98

_______ is when members begin to understand the need to operate as a team rather than as a group of individuals.

Back 98

Norming

Front 99

_______ is when team members work together to reach their common goal.

Back 99

Performing

Front 100

________ is a final team meeting during which management decisions regarding the project are discussed and other loose ends are tied up.

Back 100

Adjourning

Front 101

________ is when the team’s contribution is acknowledged.

Back 101

Recognition

Front 102

Lack of adequate __________ is one of the most frequently noted causes of team failure.

Back 102

Communication

Front 103

The team’s initiation should be in the form of a written document from an individual at the __________ level of the organization.

Back 103

Executive

Front 104

The best model of team leadership is the coach who strives to ________ all members to contribute their best.

Back 104

Motivate

Front 105

_________teams occur when team coaches facilitate progress while recognizing and dealing with obstacles.

Back 105

Productive

Front 106

______ is perhaps the most critical resource for any team. It must be treated as the rare and valuable commodity that it is.

Back 106

Time

Front 107

________ will generate the meeting agenda well in advance of the scheduled meeting.

Back 107

Facilitator

Front 108

Use the ________ time line displaying milestones and dates.

Back 108

Gantt Chart

Front 109

Publish ___________ with time limits on each item.

Back 109

Meeting agendas

Front 110

Publish __________ of member’s action assignments.

Back 110

Reminders

Front 111

_______ group technique is used to prioritize a list of items.

Back 111

Nominal group technique

Front 112

The __________ lists the things that help make the future state occur and_____ prevent the future state from occurring.

Back 112

Driving force, restraining force

Front 113

________ is a variation of NGT in which each team member has 100 points to allocate to the items on the list as he or she feels appropriate, assigning the largest number of points to the highest ranking item.

Back 113

Multivoting

Front 114

__________ refers to the two types of thinking that go into each of the team tools.

Back 114

Conversion/diversion

Front 115

_____________ is used to produce numerous possible answers to an open question such as, What are some ways to reduce cycle time for process?

Back 115

Affinity diagrams

Front 116

_____________ is used to identify cause and effect relationships.

Back 116

Interrelationship diagram

Front 117

The ________ has the most outgoing arrows on an interrelationship digraph. It is often tied to the key problem.

Back 117

Driver

Front 118

_________ is used to study defects; it is sometimes called a fault tree.

Back 118

Tree diagram

Front 119

A ____________ aids in deciding among several options.

Back 119

Prioritization matrix

Front 120

A __________ is typically used to discover and illustrate relationships between two groups of items.

Back 120

Matrix diagram

Front 121

The ________ also known as an arrow diagram, is similar to the PERT chart.

Back 121

Activity network diagram

Front 122

A good mnemonic device for remembering the Gantt chart criteria is TOM________, _______ and _________.

Back 122

Time oriented, objective oriented, Monetary

Front 123

Questions that should be asked: Are we on ___________? Are we meeting out __________? Are we on __________?

Back 123

Schedule, goals, budget

Front 124

Customer feedback is also called ____________.

Back 124

Voice of the customer

Front 125

Three methods of collecting statistical data for customer data is ___________, _________ and _________.

Back 125

Written surveys, focus groups, phone or in person interviews

Front 126

_______ can be sent to a randomly selected group of customers or potential customers, but it is seldom possible to get responses from all those selected.

Back 126

Written surveys

Front 127

______ are an attempt to improve the depth and accuracy of the responses.

Back 127

Focus groups

Front 128

__________ permits a higher response rate than written surveys; however the respondents tend to be self selecting and nonrandom.

Back 128

Phone or in person interviews

Front 129

The best customer data collection is ________ unless there is a system to use the data to effect changes.

Back 129

Useless

Front 130

Customer satisfaction generally falls into three dimensions: _____________, ____________ and ___________.

Back 130

Quality, Delivery, Cost

Front 131

___________ starts with the high-level strategic goal of customer satisfaction and determine how this goal “flows down into measurable goals.

Back 131

Critical to quality flow down

Front 132

__________ provides a process for planning new or redesigned products and services. The VOC provides input.

Back 132

Qualify function deployment

Front 133

The ______ helps to illustrate the linkage between the VOC and the resulting technical requirements.

Back 133

QFD Matrix

Front 134

______ is a representation of the three levels of customer satisfaction, defined as dissatisfaction, neutrality and delight.

Back 134

Kano Model

Front 135

____ requirements are those in which the customer expects a certain level of sufficiency and anything exceeding that level increases satisfaction.

Back 135

One dimensional requirements

Front 136

_________ requirements are the way to get to the heart of the customer.

Back 136

Attractive requirements

Front 137

_________ characteristics refer to features the customer doesn’t want and whose presence causes dissatisfaction.

Back 137

Reversal characteristics

Front 138

_______ characteristics don’t bring satisfaction if present, nor do they cause dissatisfaction if absent.

Back 138

Neutral characteristics

Front 139

A _________ is a document stating the purpose of the project. It serves as an informal contract that helps the team stay on track with the goals of the enterprise.

Back 139

Project Charter

Front 140

The ________ should be a concise explanation of a current state that adversely impacts the enterprise. For example, “The work ethic of Suffolk Company’s NCOs must increase in order for the organization to become competitive.

Back 140

Problem statement

Front 141

Project boundaries and scopes should not be set too _______ or too ______. The tendency is to make them too _______.

Back 141

Narrow, broad, broad

Front 142

Some tools for setting a project scope are ________,__________,_________ and _______.

Back 142

Pareto charts, cause and effect diagrams, affinity diagrams, process maps

Front 143

______may be defined or limited by the geography, demographics, org structure, process boundaries and relationships.

Back 143

Scope

Front 144

Goal statements should be SMART ________,________,_________,_______ and _______.

Back 144

Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, timely

Front 145

Example ____ statement “Improve the production yield for part A on process B from its current baseline of 60% to 90% within six months.

Back 145

Goal

Front 146

If it can’t be measured, it _______ worth doing. The most common denominator of most metrics tends to be ________.

Back 146

Isn’t, financial

Front 147

At specific points in the life of the team, its progress should be ____________.

Back 147

Evaluated

Front 148

The ______ is the path from start to finish that requires the most time.

Back 148

Critical Path

Front 149

___________ is the time required to complete the project.

Back 149

Critical path time

Front 150

The only way to complete the project in less time is to _______ the time for at least one of the activities. This is done by putting more resources into one or more activities on the critical path.

Back 150

Decrease

Front 151

The SIPOC is another useful tool in the study of _______. The acronym stands for _______, _______, ________, ________ and customers.

Back 151

Processes, Suppliers, Inputs, Process, Outputs, Customers

Front 152

________ is the material that has been input to the process but that has not reached the output stage.

Back 152

Work In Progress

Front 153

_______ is the material waiting to be processed by some step in the process and is one component of WIP.

Back 153

Work in Queue

Front 154

________ is the time that material is actually being processed by one of the steps.

Back 154

Touch Time

Front 155

________ is the rate at which the process must output completed items.

Back 155

Takt time

Front 156

_______ is the average time for a particular step to complete one item.

Back 156

Cycle time

Front 157

______ is the number of items or amount of material output from the process in a given period.

Back 157

Throughput

Front 158

______ is the amount of time used for activities for which a customer is willing to pay.

Back 158

Value added time

Front 159

______ is the amount of time required to convert from producing one product to producing a different one on a particular process.

Back 159

Set up or change over time

Front 160

A key step in understanding processes is the development of ________and ______.

Back 160

Process MAPs, flow charts

Front 161

Almost every process can be improved by _________ variation.

Back 161

Reducing variation

Front 162

Inventory tends to ______ cost.

Back 162

Increase

Front 163

Quantitative data are grouped into two types: ________ and ________.

Back 163

Continuous or variable, discrete or attribute

Front 164

Effort should always be made to move from ______ to ________ measurements.

Back 164

Discrete to continuous

Front 165

_______ classify data into categories with no order implied- for example, a list of equipment such as presses, drills, and lathes.

Back 165

Nominal scales

Front 166

_____ refer to positions in a series, where orders are important but precise differences between values aren’t defined. Examples would be first, second and third place in a race.

Back 166

Ordinal scales

Front 167

_______ have meaningful differences but no absolute zero, so ratios aren’t useful. An example is temperature measured in Fahrenheit because 20 degrees Fahrenheit isn’t twice as worm as 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

Back 167

Interval scales

Front 168

_______ have meaningful differences, and an absolute zero exists. One example of a ratio scale is length in inches, because zero length is defined as having no length and 20 inches is twice as long as 10 inches.

Back 168

Ratio scales

Front 169

The best data collection and analysis techniques can be defeated if the data have ____.

Back 169

Errors

Front 170

Simple _______ is a procedure by which each item has an equal probability of being selected as part of the sample.

Back 170

Random

Front 171

If the population of parts to be sampled is naturally divided into groups, it might be desirable to use __________.

Back 171

Stratified Sampling

Front 172

________ refers to the need to select a sample so that it represents just one population.

Back 172

Sample homogeneity

Front 173

Quality characteristics are of two types:_________ and ________.

Back 173

Attributes, variables

Front 174

_________ screens are used to screen out items that don’t meet requirements.

Back 174

Attribute screens

Front 175

_____ or _____ data result from characteristics that are measured rather than merely counted, such as length, diameter, and hardness.

Back 175

Continuous or variable

Front 176

________ are made of very hard materials and provide basic references for setting and calibrating gages.

Back 176

Gage blocks

Front 177

The smallest increment of measurement for the device should be less than or equal to ______ of the tolerance.

Back 177

1/10

Front 178

_____ is a systematic difference between the mean of the test result or measurement result and a true value.

Back 178

Bias

Front 179

_____ is the difference in bias through the range of measurements.

Back 179

Linearity

Front 180

_____ represents the change in bias of a measurement system over time and usage when that system is used to measure a master part or standard.

Back 180

Stability of a measurement system

Front 181

______ is the closeness of agreement between randomly selected individual measurements or test results.

Back 181

Precision

Front 182

______ is the precision under conditions where independent measurement results are obtained with the same method on identical measurement items by the same appraiser.

Back 182

Repeatability

Front 183

______ is the precision under conditions where independent measurement results are obtained with the same method on identical measurement items with different operators using different equipment.

Back 183

Reproducibility

Front 184

______ represents the measurement system’s capability to detect and indicate small changes in the characteristic measured.

Back 184

Discrimination

Front 185

_______ is one type of measurement system analysis done to evaluate the performance of a test method or measurement system done to evaluate the performance of a test method or measurement system.

Back 185

Gage repeatability and reproducibility study

Front 186

_______ refers to the percent of time in an attribute GR&R study that appraisers agree with (1) themselves (that is, repeatability), (2) other appraisers (that is, reproducibility), or (3) a known standard (that is, bias) when classifying or rating items using nominal or ordinal scales, respectively.

Back 186

Percent agreement

Front 187

______ is an estimate of the standard deviation of the variation due to repeatability and is sometimes denoted ____ or ______.

Back 187

Equipment variation, Ơᴇ or Ơ ͬᵖᵗ

Front 188

______ is an estimate of the standard deviation of the variation due to reproducibility and is sometimes denoted _____ or ______.

Back 188

Appraiser variation, Ơᴀ or Ơ ͬᵖᵈ

Front 189

All data should be filtered through a ________ system.

Back 189

Measurement

Front 190

Measurement system variation often represents the most _________ way to reduce the total observed variation.

Back 190

Cost-effective

Front 191

Without adequate measurement systems, organizational decision making may result in completely _______ decisions that send an organization down a treacherous path.

Back 191

Erroneous

Front 192

The causes of measurement error can be placed in the usual cause and effect categories:______, ______, ________, ________, ________.

Back 192

Lack of precision, Failure to use specified tool or procedure, Lack of training, Lack of motivation, Atmosphere of mistrust and fear

Front 193

The main thrust of a __________ consist of a schedule that requires each piece of measuring equipment to be ________ on a regular basis.

Back 193

Calibration system, calibrated

Front 194

Some organizations set calibration quality goals of ____, meaning that ____ of the instruments scheduled for calibration need no adjustment.

Back 194

95%, 95%

Front 195

In a statistical study, the word _______ refers to the entire set of items under discussion.

Back 195

Population

Front 196

A statistical study will randomly select a _______ from the population.

Back 196

Sample

Front 197

The analysis of the sample data produces __________.

Back 197

Statistics

Front 198

The three attributes _____, ______, and _____ are important to understanding the data and the process that generated them.

Back 198

Spread, shape, and center

Front 199

The spread of the sample is also referred to as _______ or ________ and is usually quantified with either the sample range or the sample ___________.

Back 199

Dispersion, variation, standard deviation

Front 200

The _____ is the arithmetic average of a data set.

Back 200

Mean

Front 201

The ______ is the middle value of an ordered data set.

Back 201

Median

Front 202

The _____ is the most frequently found value in a data set.

Back 202

Mode

Front 203

These three terms are collectively known as measures of ______.

Back 203

Central tendency

Front 204

The ______ is the most useful in many quality engineering applications.

Back 204

Mean

Front 205

_________ is a column showing totals of the frequencies added to the frequency distribution.

Back 205

Cumulative frequency distribution

Front 206

A _______ is constructed much like the tally column except that the last digit of the data value is recorded instead of the tally mark.

Back 206

Stem and leaf diagram

Front 207

The ______ of a set of data divide the sorted data values into four approximately equal subsets.

Back 207

Quartiles

Front 208

The ______ uses the high and low values of the data as well as quartiles.

Back 208

Box plot

Front 209

The question should be asked, which type of ______ is giving the most trouble?

Back 209

Variation

Front 210

The _______ is simply a basic plot of a specific process/ product value on fixed time intervals.

Back 210

Run Chart

Front 211

The ______ is the technique, when measurements are taken for various levels of the variables suspected as being the cause. The closer the points are to forming a straight line, the greater the ________.

Back 211

Scatter Diagram, Linear correlation coefficient, denoted by the letter r.

Front 212

The two principal types of statistical studies are usually called _______ and ________.

Back 212

Descriptive (enumerative) and inferential (analytical)

Front 213

_____ uses a long column of numbers with the mean, median, mode and standard deviation. A histogram or scatter plot squeezes additional information from the data.

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Descriptive

Front 214

______ studies analyze data from a sample to infer properties of the population from which the sample was drawn.

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Inferential

Front 215

______ is when an event say A, can occur in m ways out of a possible n equally likely ways, the P(A) = m/n.

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Probability (classic definition)

Front 216

_____ is when the proportion that an event say A, occurs in a series of repeated experiments as the number of those experiments approaches infinity.

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Probability (Relative frequency definition)

Front 217

Almost all statistical activities are based on the rules of ________.

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Probability

Front 218

Two events that can’t occur simultaneously are called ________ or _________.

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Mutually exclusive or disjoint

Front 219

_______ tables provide an effective way of arranging attribute data while allowing us to readily determine relevant possibilities.

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Contingency tables

Front 220

Two events, A and B, are said to be ________ if and only if the occurrence of B has no effect on the occurrence of A or vice versa.

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Independent

Front 221

Two events, A and B, are said to be _____ if both events cannot occur at the same time.

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Mutually exclusive

Front 222

Probabilities associated with successive draws depend on the outcome of ____________.

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Previous draws

Front 223

_______ is a continuous probability distribution, defined on the entire real line that has a bell shaped probability density function, informally called the bell curve.

Back 223

Normal distribution

Front 224

______ is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time and/or space if these events occur with a known average rate and independently of the time since the last event.

Back 224

Poisson distribution

Front 225

______ is a discrete probability distribution of the number of successes in a sequence of n independent yes/no experiments, each of which yields success with probability p.

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Binomial distribution

Front 226

______ is the distribution of a sum of the squares of k independent standard normal random variables.

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Chi Square distribution

Front 227

________ is a family of continuous probability distribution that arises when estimating the mean of a normally distributed population in situations where the sample size is small and population standard deviation is unknown.

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Student –t distribution

Front 228

_______ is a continuous probability distribution. It arises frequently as the null distribution of a test statistic, most notably in the analysis of variance.

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F Distribution

Front 229

The ______ is important to the Black Belt because it is used to model the number of defects per unit of time or distance and is the basis for the control limit formulas for the c and u control charts.

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Poisson

Front 230

The ______ distribution is flatter than the normal distribution and has longer tails.

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T

Front 231

_________ is a discrete probability distribution that describes the probability of k successes in n draws from a finite population of size N containing m successes without replacement.

Back 231

Hypergeometric distribution

Front 232

______ is used in the case of only two random variables. It might apply when we are interested in determining the probability of meeting the specifications for both length and weight simultaneously.

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Bivariate Normal distribution

Front 233

______ is approximately the normal distribution with an increasing failure rate, and can be used to model “wear out”. It is one of the fundamental distributions in the study of reliability engineering.

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Weibull

Front 234

______ is defined as the inherent variability of a characteristic of a product. It represents the performance of the process over a period of stable operations.

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Process capability

Front 235

Occasionally, natural process variation is referred to as _________, _________, or _______.

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Normal process variation, natural process limits, or natural tolerance

Front 236

_______ is defined as a statistical measure of the outcome of a characteristic from a process that may not have been demonstrated to be in a state of statistical control.

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Process performance

Front 237

The _____ is a dimensionless number that is used to represent the ability to meet specification limits on a characteristic of interest.

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Process performance index

Front 238

The Cpm, also known as the _________, is an index that accounts for the location of the process average relative to a target value.

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Process capability index of the mean

Front 239

_____ = short term variability + 1.5Ơ shift. This interpretation is based on the underlying assumption of Six Sigma, which is that a process will drift or shift ± 1.5Ơ in the long term.

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Long term variability

Front 240

Use ________ to fit a curve to the data and apply numerical integration to find the areas of the “tails” beyond the specification limits

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Nonlinear regression

Front 241

The ____ transforms the input data, denoted by Y, using W = Yλ, where λ is any number typically between -5 and 5.

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Box-Cox

Front 242

The Johnson transformation is chosen from ____ different functions within the Johnson system.

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Three

Front 243

The purpose of a ________ is to determine whether a process is capable of meeting customer specifications and to devise a course of action if it cannot.

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Capability Study

Front 244

99.73% of the process variation are said to be the _________. It is referred to as the natural process variation.

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Voice of the process

Front 245

In contrast to natural process limits, specification limits are customer determined and are used to define acceptable levels of process performance said to be the __________.

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Voice of the customer

Front 246

13There are numerous process performances metrics not to be confused with process performance indices used in Six Sigma to include ____, ____, _____, _____, ____, ____.

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Defects per unit (DPU), defections per million opportunities (DPMO), Throughput yield, parts per million (PPM), Rolled throughput yield (RTY)

Front 247

The ________ is a statistic that measure the degree of linear relationship between two sets of numbers and is computed where -1≤ r ≤ 1.

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Sample correlation coefficient r

Front 248

The ___ is the square of the correlations coefficient and represents the amount of the variation in y that is explained by the fitted simple linear equation.

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Coefficient of determination

Front 249

Similarly the _____ is used with multiple regression because, unlike the R² statistic, the adjusted coefficient will increase when variables are added to the model that act to decrease the mean square error.

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Adjusted coefficient of determination

Front 250

Empirical data demonstrate a strong correlation between the height and weight in males however; gaining weight does not cause one to grow taller. Hence, there is no ______.

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Causal relationship

Front 251

_____ is a technique that typically uses continuous predictor variables to predict the variation in a continuous response variable.

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Regression analysis

Front 252

The ____ is a technique for estimating a parameter that minimizes the sum of the squared differences between the observed and the predicted values derived from the model.

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Method of least squares

Front 253

The ___ is a mathematical function or model that indicates the linear relationship between a set of predictor variables and a response variable.

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Linear regression equation

Front 254

_______ are numbers associated with each predictor variable in a linear regression equation that tell how the response variable changes with each unit increase in the predictor variable.

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Linear regression coefficients

Front 255

When only one predictor variable is used, regression analysis is often referred to as ______.

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Simple linear regression

Front 256

When multiple predictor variables are used, regression is referred to as __________.

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Multiple linear regression

Front 257

______ occurs when two or more predictor variables in a multiple regression model are correlated.

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Multicollinearity

Front 258

_____ analysis comprises a variety of tools used to understand and reduce the data dimensions by analyzing the data covariance structure.

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Multivariate

Front 259

_____ are used to form a smaller number of uncorrelated variables from a large set of data.

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Principal components

Front 260

____ is used to determine the underlying factors responsible for correlations in the data.

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Factor analysis

Front 261

_____ is used to classify observations into two or more groups if you have a sample with known groups.

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Discriminant analysis

Front 262

_____ can be used to analyze both balanced and unbalanced experimental designs.

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Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)

Front 263

____ is often called within-part variation and refers to variation of a characteristic on the same product.

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Positional variation

Front 264

_____ covers part to part variation.

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Cyclical variation

Front 265

___ occurs as change over time.

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Temporal variation

Front 266

____ has two distinct categories usually of the following type: yes/no, on/off and etc.

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Binary logistic regression

Front 267

___ has three or more distinct categories, but with no natural ordering. Such categories may include math/science/arts and etc.

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Nominal logistic regression

Front 268

___ has three or more distinct categories but with a natural ordering. Such as level 1/ level 2/ level 3/ level 4.

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Ordinal logistic regression

Front 269

_______ permit us to develop models that fit categorical regressor and response variables, thus overcoming the limitation inherent to simple and multiple regression analysis.

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Logistics regressions