Cerebellum

Front 1

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Back 1

dentate, interpositus (emboliform + globus), and fastigial nuclei

Front 2

3 layers of the cerebellar cortex

Back 2

1. Granule (deepest): a ton of granule cells
2. Purkinje cell layer: single layer of Purkinje cells w/ apical dendrites extending into molecular layer
3. Molecular (outermost): few cells, massive numbers of axons running perpendicular to Purkinje dendrites

Front 3

1) 5 types of cerebellar cells
2) 2 types of fibers

Back 3

1) purkinje, granule, basket, golgi, stellate
2) mossy and climbing

Front 4

Target and Neurotransmitter
1. purkinje cell
2. granule cell
3. basket cell
4. golgi cell
5. stellate cell
6. mossy fiber
7. climbing fiber

Back 4

1. deep cerebellar nuclei; GABA (-)
2. purkinje dendrites (via parallel fibers); Glutamate (+)
3. purkinje cell; GABA
4. granular cell glomerulus; GABA
5. purkinje dendrites; Taurine (-)
6. granular cell glomerulus; ACh(+)
7. purkinje cell; aspartate(+)

Front 5

2 types of axons entering cerebellum (all excitatory)
-where and how do they terminate?

Back 5

1) climbing fibers: originate from contra inf olivary nucleus, terminate in a large array of branches that climb up dendritic branches of Purkinje cells in molecular layer
2)Mossy fibers: terminate in granule cell layer as glomeruli

Front 6

cells located in...
1. granule layer
2. purkinje layer
3. molecular layer

Back 6

1. granule and golgi cells
2. purkinje cells
3. stellate and basket cells

Front 7

parallel fibers
1. where do they come from?
2. how are they oriented?
3. what all do they excite?

Back 7

1. formed by splitting of granule cell axons in molecular layer
2. run perpendicular to Purkinje dendrites
3. purkinje, golgi, basket, and stellate cells (everything!)

Front 8

5 sources of cerebellar input

Back 8

mossy fibers, granule cells, inferior olivary nucleus, climbing fibers, and Purkinje cells

Front 9

4 tracts mossy fibers arive from
-how do they enter the cerebellum

Back 9

1. corticopontocerebellar: contralateral middle cerebellar peduncle
2. vestibulocerebellar; ipsi inferior c.p.
3. reticulocerebellar path: mostly ipsi inferior c.p.
4. spinal cord: ipsi and contra superior c.p.

Front 10

what makes up glomeruli in the cerebellar cortex?

Back 10

mossy fiber axons (+), Golgi cell axons (-), and granule cell dendrites

Front 11

what serves as a "gateway" to cortical processing in cerebellum?

Back 11

granule cells

Front 12

inferior olivary nucleus is a relay station for input from...

Back 12

cerebral cortex, red nuclei, vestibular nuclei, tectum, reticular formation, and SC

Front 13

Climbing fibers
1. how do they enter cerebellum?
2. how do they terminate?
3. what are their synapses associated with

Back 13

1. via inf c.p. (juxtarestiform body)
2. with excitatory synapses on dendrite of a SINGLE purkinje cell
3. postsynaptic calcium ionophore

Front 14

only source of cerebellar output
-what are the 2 paths?

Back 14

ONLY PURKINJE AXONS (ALWAYS INHIBITORY)
1. cerbellovestibular pathway: cerebellum to vestibular nuclei via inf c.p
2. cerebellonuclear pathway: terminate in deep cerebellar nuclei (who always have excitatory output)

Front 15

What all do the deep cerebellar nuclei make contact with? excitatory or inhibitory?

Back 15

1. excitatory contacts with both mossy and climbing fibers
2. inhibitory contacts with Purkinje dendrites

Front 16

Cerebellar cortical processing
-how are mossy fibers, granule cells, and Golgi cells related?

Back 16

1. mossy fibers excite granule cells
2. excitation of granule cells > golgi cell excitation (via parallel fibers)
3. excitation of golgi cell > inhibition of mossy fiber input to granule cells (via golgi axons in glomeruli)

Front 17

stellate cell involvement in cerebellar cortical processing
1. what do they receive?
2. what do they give off?
3. how do they impact purkinje cells?

Back 17

1. excitatory input from parallel fibers
2. fibers that travel along parallel fibers and form inhibitory synapses (using Taurine) on purkinje dendrites
3. take out a selective portion ("dendritic pruning")

Front 18

basket cell involvement in cerebellar cortical processing
1. what do their axons form?
2. what kind of axons do they give off?
3. what do they receive?

Back 18

1. basket like network around purkinje bodies
2. inhibitory axons to purkinje cells (can completely shut them off)
3. excitatory input from parallel fibers

Front 19

vestibulocerebellum
1. what does it do?
2. how do vestibular nuclei get their input?
3. how do vestibular nuclei project to cerebellum

Back 19

1. influences LMNs directly and indirectly to maintain/adjust body posture and balance and coordinate head/eye movements
2. from CN VIII, fastigial nuclei
3. via inferior c.p.

Front 20

Spinocerebellum
1. functions

Back 20

1. execution/coordination of motor events, changes in firing pattern of interpositus nuclei coinciding with onset of mm. contraction

Front 21

Spinocerebellum
1. Vermis involvement
2. paravermal region involvement

Back 21

1. purkinje cells (vermis) > fastigial nucleus > vestibular nucle/reticular formation > vetibulo-/reticulo-spinal tracts
2. purkinje cells(paravermal) > n. interpositus > superio c.p. > contra red nucleus (majority) or contra VL thalamus

Front 22

Cerebrocerebellum
1. functions
2. what does it change?
3. what does it receive?

Back 22

1. planning and initiation of motor actions
2. firing pattern of dentate nucleus prior to initiation of motor events
3. infro from cerebral cortex via pontine nuclei

Front 23

4 types of fibers involved in cerebrocerebellum

Back 23

corticopontine, pontocerebellar, cerebrocerebellothalamic, and cerbrocerebellorubral

Front 24

course of corticopontine fibers and pontocerebellar fibers

Back 24

corona radiata > internal capsule > crus cerebri > basilar pons (synpase with pontine nuclei)> decussate > contra middle c.p. > cortex of cerebrocerebellum

Front 25

course of cerebrocerebellothalamic fibers

Back 25

purkinje cells (cerebrocerebellum) > dantate nucleus > superior c.p. > decussate > contra VL thalamus > M1 > corticospinal LMNs

Front 26

course of cerebrocerebellorubral fibers

Back 26

purkinje cells (cerebrocerebellum) > dentate nucleus > superior c.p. > contra red nucleus > rubrospinal tract > LMNs

Front 27

Cerebrocerebellum recievies info from both (1)...and uses this info to modify motor activities in two ways (2a, 2b)

Back 27

1. motor (6: what movement are going to occur) and sensory areas (3, 1, 2, 5, 17: body position)
2a. at level of the cerebral cortex (feedback to M1)
2b. at the level of the red nucleus (feed forward)

Front 28

How do the spinocerebellum and vestibulocerebellum help control motor activity?

Back 28

1. spinocerebellum connects with red nuclei (rubrospinal) or reticular formation (reticulospinal) to apply coorection to M1 output
2. vestibulocerebellum connects with vestibulospinal tracts to modify M1 output

Front 29

Posterior spinocerebellar tract
1. what does it carry?
2. path of info flow
3. what does it inform the cerebellum of?

Back 29

1. proprioception from ipsilateral lower limb/trunk
2. dorsal columns > Clarke nucleus > up lateral funiculus > ipsi cerebellum via inf c.p.
3. what the muscles are doing at any moment

Front 30

Cuneocerebellar tract
1. equivalent of...
2. path of info flow

Back 30

1. spinocerebellar tract, but for the upper limbs
2. dorsal columns > accessory cuneate nucleus > ipsi cerebellum via inferior c.p.

Front 31

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
1. what does is carry?
2. path of info flow
3. informs cerebellum about how..

Back 31

1. prop and spinal motor activity from contra lower limb
2. intermediate zone/anterior horn > contralateral funiculus > cerebellum via superior c.p. (most fibers decussate again)
3. ongoing motor activity compars with motor commands (real time adjustments)

Front 32

What do neurons in the intermediate zone and anterior horn of the SC receive

Back 32

1. prop and spinal motor activity from contra lower limb (anterior spinocerebellar tract)
2. somatic sensory from large diameter cutaneous mechanoreceptors
3. collaterals from all descending motor tracts

Front 33

Contents of inferior cerebellar peduncle

Back 33

(mostly afferent/sensory fibers)
1. posterior spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts
2. olivocerebellar fibers
3. receiprocal connection w/ vestibular nuclei and reticular formation

Front 34

contents of middle cerebellar peduncle

Back 34

(entirely sensory/afferet)
1. corticopontocerebellar fibers

Front 35

contents of superior cerebellar peduncle

Back 35

(mostly efferent)
1. fibers originating from interpositus (minor) and dentate nuclei (majority)
2. anterior spinocerebellar tract (afferent)

Front 36

Cerebellar Damage
1. overall result
2. vermal lesions
3. clinical signs

Back 36

1. abnormal performance of motor tasks (cerebellar ataxia) rather than paralysis
2. bilateral symptoms
3. ataxic gait, nystagmus, hypotonia, dysmetria (intention tremor), dysdiadochokinesia (repetitive movement), motor decomposition (staccato moves), dysarthria (sticcato speech)

Front 37

damage to flocculonodular lobe (vestibulocerebellum)

Back 37

1. difficult to distinguish from inner ear problems
2. truncal ataxia (can't balance, wide stance); often with 4th ventricle tumor (meduloblastoma)
3. nystagmus: adjust line of vision when body is moving (abnormal in unconscious pt)
4. vertigo: dizziness

Front 38

damage to vermal and paravermal regions (spinocerebellum)

Back 38

1. malnutrition (often alcoholism) causing anterior lobe syndrome
2. truncal ataxia with wide stance
3. no signs of vertigo or nystagmus

Front 39

damage to neocerebellum (cerebrocerebellum)

Back 39

1. usually unilateral
2. generalized loss of muscle tone (hyporeflexia/pendulum reflexes)
3. movements take longer to start, stop, change (ipsi dysmetria, intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia)
4. scanning speech

Front 40

Olivary nucleus
1. relationship with cerebellum
2. involved in...
3. receives input from
4. send out put to...
5. degeneration

Back 40

1. reciprocally connected
2. motor learning
3.cerebral cortex, red nucleus, reticular formation
4. cerebellum as climbin fibers (cause Ca++ influx in Purkinje cells)
5. bent angle in line of vision (person looking at you appears to glance to side)