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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Side effects
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unintended response from taking a drug, some times this is want you want though
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Dose- response
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correlation between the amount of drug given and its side effects
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Factors that influence a response from a drug
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Dose, tolerance, potency, age, gender, rate of absorption, metabolization rate
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Margin of safety
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Range in dose between the desired effects and toxic levels, larger the margin of safety the less chance of serious side effects
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Potency
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The amount of drug necessary to cause effect. If a small amount effects you then its potent. Determined by rate of absorption, metabolism, form etc.
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Toxicity
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The capacity of a drug to do damage or cause adverse reactions in the body.
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Additive effects
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Summation of effects of drugs taken concurrently
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Antagonist (inhibitory) effects
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One drug cancels or blocks effects of another. Ex: Caffeine and sleep meds
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Potentiative (synergistic) effects
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Effect of a drug is enhanced by another drug or substance Ex: alcohol and weed
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Drug interaction
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Presence of one drug alters the action of another
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Pharmacokinetics
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The study of factors that influence the distribution and concentration of drugs in the body Ex: Administration, absorption, distribution, activation, elimination etc.
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Effects of taking drugs orally
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Enters bloodstream through stomach/intestines, food may interfere, liver might metabolize too quickly, usually go to liver b4 rest of body
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Effects of inhaling drugs
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Chemicals cross membranes quickly, can irritate mucous lining of lungs, need to be continuously inhaled though
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Topical application
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Only effective if drug breaks through tissue lining, snorting counts as this
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Injection
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IV (vein), IM (muscle), SC (under skin), can be dangerous if wrong dose, fast speed of action
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Distribution
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Most drugs distribute through blood, 1 minute to get to whole body once entering,
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Blood- brain barrier
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Selective filtering between the cerebral blood vessels and the brain. Some vaccines can make them too big to cross through the barrier
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Threshold dose
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The minimum amount of a drug needed to have an effect
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Plateau effect
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The maximum effect a drug can have regardless of the dosage. Frequently seen with OTC drugs.
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Cumulative effect
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The buildup of drug concentration in the body due to multiple doses taken within short intervals
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Acute drug response
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Immediate or short-term effects after a single drug dose
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Chronic drug response
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Long term effects after multiple doses. Usually associated with repeating doses ex: tobacco on lungs
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Time-response factors
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How much time is between when the drug is administered and when you can feel effects. Can be acute or chronic. Closer drug is to target area, faster you'll feel it
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Biotransformation
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The process of changing chemical or pharmacological properties of a drug by metabolism
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How the liver and kidney are used in biotransformation
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Liver= major organ that metabolizes (synthesizes and deactivates). Kidney= drug elimination from blood. Usually pass through poop/pee
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Half life
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time required for the body to eliminate/metabolize half of a drug dose
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Metabolism
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chemical alteration of drugs by body processes, sometimes makes heroin more active. Metabolites are the chemical products of this
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Tolerance
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changes in decreased response to a set amount of a drug
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Dependece
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the physiological and psychological changes that undergo when there is frequent administration of a drug
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Withdrawl
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unpleasant effects that occur when use of a drug is stopped
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Reverse tolerance
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enhanced response to a given drug dose, getting the same effects of a low dose that you did with initial higher dose, also called sensitization, opposite of tolerance
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Cross tolerance
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developing tolerance to one drug may increase tolerance to other like drugs. Ex: alcohol and other depressants
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Behavioral compensation
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People begin to learn how to compensate for the physical effects of the drug
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Cross dependence
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dependence on one drug can be relieved by other similar drug
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Mental set
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psychological and environmental factors that influence an individuals response to drugs
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Rebound effect
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form of withdrawal, effects that occur when a drug has been eliminated by the body, nearly opposite to desired effects
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Addiction
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Compulsive drug use despite negative consequences, used synonymously with drug abuse/dependence
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1st and 2nd most abused prescription drug
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1st: pain killers
2nd: CNS depressants |
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CNS depressants are used to...
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relieve stress, induce sleep, anxiety and emotional problems
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Bromides
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Introduced to treat anxiety/nerves in the 1800's. Popular yet toxic although initially seen as safe.
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Barbituates
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Replaced bromides. Were seen as safe and effective but because there is a narrow margin of safety- tolerance, dependence and safety became a problem. Hard to predict doses. 1900's
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Benzodiazepines
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1950's- originally seen as super safe (not ideal though) safe when used for short periods of time, long term use causes dependence and withdrawal problems. twice as many women. ex: valium and xanax
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Depressant drugs
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benzos, barbiturates, alcohol, antihistamines (allergy meds, OTC sleep), opiod narcotics (heroin). Diminish level of awareness and lower CNS activity
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Sedatives
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Cause mild CNS depression and relaxation, muscle relaxers, lowest dose
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Anxiolytic
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drugs that relieve anxiety, medium dose
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Hypnotics
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Induce drowsiness and encourage sleep. Amnesiac effects can cause loss of memory, higher doses
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Benzos
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most frequently prescribed drugs for sleep and anxiety, wide margin of error, schedule IV, overdose is rare, ex: valium/xanax
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Chemical process of benzos
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Liver converts benzos into metabolites just as strong as drug (last long), selectively effect receptors for GABA (inhibitory increases with benzos)- alter mood (limbic), drowsiness (RAS), relax (motor cortex),
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Short acting vs long acting benzos
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Short acting (hypnotics) vs. long acting (sedatives)
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REM sleep and benzos
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REM is phase of sleep associated with dreaming, have less effect on REM than barbiturates, sleep is restful/satisfying, long use causes reverse rebound
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Paradoxial effects
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unexpected effects, unusual responses
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Club drug
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drug used at all night raves, parties, clubs and bars to enhance sensory experiences
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Barbiturates
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Short acting- Schedule II(quaaludes), long acting- Schedule IV, narrow margin of safety, increase inhibitory GABA
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Detoxification
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the elimination of a toxic substance and the effects, withdrawal can be life threatening
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Fermentation
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biochemical process through which yeast converts sugar to alcohol
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Distillation
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heating fermented mixtures of cereal grains or fruits in a still to evaporate and be trapped as purified alcohol
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Alpha alcoholics
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Mostly psychological dependence to cope with life, irritable/anxious if alcohol is gone
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Beta alcoholics
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Socially dependent on alcohol
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Gamma alcoholics
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Most severe, suffer from emotional and psychological impairments
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Delta alcoholics
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Constantly losing control over amount of alcohol consumed, can't abstain even for a few days
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Epsilon alcoholics
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Constantly binge drinking at days at a time, physical and psychological
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Zeta alcoholics
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Moderate drinker who becomes violent and abusive, may not be addicted
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Components of alcoholism
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Craving, tolerance, physical dependence, loss of control
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Current alcohol users
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Drank within the past month, 52% of Americans, can include binge and heavy
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Binge drinkers
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5 or more drinks for men and 4 or more drinks for women on the same occasion within month, 23%
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Heavy drinkers
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five or more drinks on same occasion on 5 separate occasions within the past month, 7%
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Teetotalers
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people who do not drink alcoholic beverages
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Speakeasies
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places where illegal alcohol was sold during prohibition
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Bootleggng
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making/selling alcohol during prohibition
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Patent medicines
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ingredients unknown, often had colored water, cocaine, caffeine etc.
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Alcoholism
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state of physical and psychological addiction to a psychoactive substance known as ethanol. chronic behavioral disorders and loss of control and health disorders are common.
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Alcohol abuse
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Uncontrollable drinking that leads to craving, loss of control and dependence but LESS than that of alcoholics
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Costs of alcohol use
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Medical treatment, loss of productivity from workers (highest), losses to society for premature death
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Triangle trade with alcohol
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New england went to Africa and traded rum for slaves, went to West Indies and traded slaves for molasses, went back to New England to make more rum
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Temperance movement
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1830-1850, meant to encourage moderation, against spirits but not beer/wine, slowly evolved to Prohibition
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Prohibition era
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1920-1933, ratification of 18th amendment, alcohol was outlawed, lots of problems came, ended with the 21st amendment (repealed 18th amendment)
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Young adult alcoholic category
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Drinkers without major problems and family history, rarely seek help
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Young antisocial alcoholic category
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Early onset of drinking and problems, 75% smoke cigs/weed, 1/3 seek help, 1/2 have family probs
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Functional alcoholic category
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Middle aged, well educated with jobs and families, 50% smoke, 1/3 have family history
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Intermediate familial alcoholic category
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Middle aged with 50% from family history, 1/4 seek help, most smoke
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Chronic severe
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middle aged with high rates or criminality and antisocial personality disorders, 2/3 seek help, most prevalent in rehab
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Drunken comportment
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Behavior exhibited while under influence that is determined by norms and expectations of a particular culture
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Disinhibitor
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Psychoactive chemical that depresses thought and judgment functions in cerebral cortex, allows unrestrained behavior (loud, arguing, impulsive)
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Psuedointoxication
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acting drunk before the quantity consumed produces real effects
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Set
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individuals execrations of what a drug will do to ones personality, determine users experience
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Setting
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The social environment where drugs are consumed, determine users experience
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Wet cultures
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cultures where alcohol is integrated into daily life and activities, widely available, abstinence rates are low ex: European
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Dry cultures
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alcohol use not common during everyday activities, when people drink they get drunk ex: U.S.
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Codependency
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a relationship pattern where family members identity with the addict and deny the existence of a drinking problem
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Enabling
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deny or make up excuses for the person drinking alcohol
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Relapsing syndrome
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Returning to the use of alcohol after quitting
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Acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome
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Symptoms that occur when an individual addicted to alcohol does not maintain their usual BAC
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Delirium tremens
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Most severe, life-threatening form of alcohol withdrawal. Includes hallucinations, delirium and fever.
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Psychodrama
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family therapy in which significant personal issues are enacted in a focused setting using dramatic techniques
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Role playing
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technique in which group members play assigned parts to elicit emotional reactions
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Genogram
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therapy technique that records family behaviors on a family tree to show abuse patterns
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