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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brain |
Control center for thoughts, memories, and behaviors |
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Spinal Cord |
Pathway for sensory nerve impulses traveling to brain and motor nerve impulses traveling from brain to skeletal muscles or other effectors Also controls rapid reactions to environmental changes (reflexes) |
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Cerebrum |
Left and right hemispheres (brain) |
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Diencephalon |
Hypothalamus and thalamus in brain |
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Brain stem |
Includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
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Cerebellum |
Posterior segment of brain (back) |
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Skeletal protection of CNS |
1- Skull- cranial bones form cavity 2- vertebral column |
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Meninges |
-3 protective, connective tissue layers Dura, Arachnoid, Pia |
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Cerebrospinal fluid |
Fluid in space bt meninges and inside cavities of brain and spinal cord Buoyant( floats) and it’s shock absorbing |
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Levels of meninges and space |
-epidural - dura - subdural - arachnoid - Subarachnoid - Pia |
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Dura mater |
Strongest, dense, irregular connective tissue Adheres to periosteum of cranial bones Has 3 extensions separate portions of brain Double layer forms dural sinuses |
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Arachnoid mater |
Avascular web of delicate collagen and elastic fibers |
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Pia mater |
Transparent, adheres tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord |
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Blood flow to brain and spinal cord |
Blood brings supply of glucose and oxygen and removes wastes and carbon dioxide Blood flow in active areas of brain increases during higher levels of metabolic activity |
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What happens with blood flow interruption? |
Can have very serious consequences like unconsciousness, stroke, and death |
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Blood flow in Brain |
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries Dural sinuses and internal jugular veins |
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Blood flow in spinal cord |
Posterior intercostal and lumbar artistries and veins |
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Dural sinuses |
In brain only Blood from brain delivers to internal jugular veins |
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Subdural space |
Interstitial fluid |
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Subarachnoid space |
Cerebrospinal fluid In brain and spinal cord Along spinal cord only: there’s denticulate ligaments that extend laterally from Pia mater to fuse with arachnoid mater to protect from sudden displacement of spinal cord |
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Blood brain barrier (BBB) |
Created by tightly connected endothelial cells of CNS capillaries and astrocyte processes that press up against the capillaries Controls what can and can’t cross from blood to interstitial fluid Glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, most anesthetics, alcohol can cross Toxins, most antibiotics, and proteins can’t cross Protects CNS from harmful substances and pathogens |
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Brain ventricles |
Contain cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities, 2 lateral ventricles(right and left), 3rd, 4th ventricle |
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3rd brain ventricle |
On midline, superior to hypothalamus |
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4th brain ventricle |
Between brain stem and cerebellum |
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Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by what? |
Choroid plexuses which are capillary networks in walls of ventricles |
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Cerebrospinal fluid functions |
Mechanical protection: buoyant and shock absorbing Chemical protection: maintain optimal ionic concentration of interstitial fluid Circulation of nutrients |
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Blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier |
Formed by ependymal cells tight junctions Controls passage of substances from blood into cerebrospinal fluid |
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Cerebrospinal fluid circulation |
Ependymal cell cilia move fluid between ventricles |
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Interventricular foramina |
Channel that goes from lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle |
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Cerebral aqueduct |
Channel that goes from 3rd to 4th ventricle |
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Median aperture and pair of lateral apertures |
Go from 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space Some enters canal of spinal cord |
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Arachnoid villi |
Fluid will flow to subarachnoid space around brain Finger like extensions project into dural sinus for reabsorption into blood |
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Cerebrum functions |
Interprets sensory impulses Controls muscular movements Functions in intellectual processes |
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Cortex |
Section of the cerebrum Outer rim of gray matter |
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Parts of the cortex |
- gyri: folds of cortex - sulci: shallow groves between gyri - fissures: deepest grooves, between major sections |
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Internal (medulla) |
Section of cortex Has white matter, tracts of myelinated axons Propagates impulses for communication within CNS |
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Basal Nuclei |
Section of cerebrum Functional clusters of gray matter ( neuronal cell bodies) deep within white matter |
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Visual association area |
Utilized past visual experiences for recognizing what is seen |
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Cerebrum hemispheric lateralization |
Subtle anatomical differences between 2 hemispheres, can differ in individuals |
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Corpus callosum |
A broad band of nerve fibers joining the 2 hemispheres of the brain |
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Limbic system |
Broad region includes cerebrum and diencephalon Encircles upper brain stem and corpus callosum Primary role is in emotional aspects of behavior like pain, pleasure, rage, anger, affection Also has a role in memory and olfaction |
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Reticular formation |
Broad region of the brain stem and diencephalon White and gray matter form netlike arrangement Reticular Activating System (RAS) - sensory axons(visual, auditory, and mental activities), awaken you from sleep, and keeps you alert and attentive Descending motor function- regulates posture and maintains muscle tone |
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Cerebellum function |
Evaluates, smoothes, and coordinates contraction of skeletal muscle Also maintains balance and posture |
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Vermis |
Central constricted area of cerebellum |
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Cerebellar hemispheres |
Anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular lobes |
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Arbor vitae |
Branching, white matter deep to cortex In cerebellum |
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Cerebellar peduncles |
-3 paired tracts 1: superior- to midbrain and hypothalamus 2: middle-from pins and cerebral motor cortex 3:inferior- sensory info from medulla, pons, and spinal cord d |
