Central Nervous System

Front 1

_______ bring information to the cell body.

Back 1

Dendrites

Front 2

_______ bring information away from the cell body.

Back 2

Axons

Front 3

________ provide physical and nutritional support for neurons.

Back 3

Neuroglia or glial cells

Front 4

What are the functions of neuroglia or glial cells?

Back 4

-provide physical and nutritional support for neurons
–clean up brain "debris"
–transport nutrients to neurons
–hold neurons in place
–digest parts of dead neurons
–regulate content of extracellular space
–Insulate neural cells

Front 5

White matter consists of:

Back 5

myelinated nerve bundles

Front 6

The surface or cortex of the brail consists of:

Back 6

Nerve cell bodies (gray matter)

Front 7

What brain functions occur in the cerebrum?

Back 7

Voluntary movement and sensory functions

Front 8

What brain functions occur in the cerebellum?

Back 8

Coordinates movement and maintains posture (receives information from the peripheral nervous system)

Front 9

The diencephalon houses the:

Back 9

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 10

What is the function of the thalamus?

Back 10

integrates sensory stimuli

Front 11

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Back 11

Key in maintaining homeostasis, regulates autonomic response (fight or flight)

Front 12

What is the function of the brainstem?

Back 12

Regulates primary functions like respiration

Front 13

The brainstem houses the:

Back 13

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Front 14

The spinal cord terminates at:

Back 14

L1-L3 at the conus medullaris

Front 15

The portion of the spinal cord that extends beyond the conus medullaris is the _______.

Back 15

Cauda equina

Front 16

Where is CSF produced?

Back 16

Within the choroid plexis located in the right and left lateral ventricles

Front 17

Where is the choroid plexis located?

Back 17

In the right and left lateral ventricles

Front 18

At what location does CSF exit into the subarachnoid space?

Back 18

At the fourth ventricle via the median and lateral foramina.

Front 19

How is CSF reabsorbed?

Back 19

Dural sinus

Front 20

Starting from that closest to the spinal cord, list the meninges layers.

Back 20

Pia mater, subarachnoid, dura mater

Front 21

What part of the meninges contains CSF?

Back 21

Subarachnoid

Front 22

What system puts the body at a relaxed state?

Back 22

parasympathetic

Front 23

Why is the subdural space a "potential" for lumbar puncture?

Back 23

as it may or may not contain cerebrospinal fluid

Front 24

What causes CSF to travel?

Back 24

Hydrostatic pressure, respiration, and movement

Front 25

What is the blood brain barrier?

Back 25

Tightly woven capillaries protecting the brain tissue that prevents unwanted substances from entering the brain

Front 26

In which modality is a radionuclide attached to a glucose molecule in order to pass the blood brain barrier?

Back 26

PET imaging

Front 27

What is the modality of choice for brain imaging other than trauma?

Back 27

MRI

Front 28

What is the modality of choice for brain trauma?

Back 28

CT

Front 29

_________ is an excellent evaluation of bony anatomy, hemorrhage after trauma, shunt evaluation and post injection myelography.

Back 29

CT

Front 30

___________ evaluates chemical processes within the brain.

Back 30

PET

Front 31

List some examples of calcified structures that may shift and be visualized using diagnostic imaging.

Back 31

Pineal gland
Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Choroid plexus

Front 32

That disease which is characterized by patients demonstrating stooped posture, slow movement and tremor and evidenced radiographically by cortical atrophy is:

Back 32

Parkinson's

Front 33

True or false. Contrast currently being used for myelography, starts to be absorbed by the body within 20 – 30 minutes.

Back 33

True

Front 34

The spinal cord terminates at the L1-L3 level, this terminal portion of the cord is referred to as __________.

Back 34

Conus medullaris

Front 35

That artery which connects the anterior cerebral arteries – allowing formation of the Circle of Willis, is:

Back 35

Anterior communicating artery

Front 36

The ________skull position may be useful in evaluating internal auditory canals, mastoid aircells and foramen spinosum for size and shape.

Back 36

Sub-mento vertex

Front 37

Traumatic head injury, without fracture, which can be compared to "brusing of the brain" is called:

Back 37

Contusion

Front 38

Identify that slow growing, infiltrating glial neoplasm which is comprises about 1/3 of all gliomas.

Back 38

Astrocytoma

Front 39

Prolapsed intervertebral disks most commonly occur in the :

Back 39

C spine and L spine

Front 40

Impaired nerve conduction caused by degeneration of neuron mylelin sheath may cause poor coordination, speaking difficulty or double vision for patients with __________.

Back 40

Multiple sclerosis

Front 41

Those cells which provide physical and nutritional support for brain cells and regulate content of extracellular space are called:

Back 41

Neuroglia

Front 42

tPA is the medication administered to reverse effects of:

Back 42

ischemic CVA

Front 43

The most common demyelinating disorder is ____________. This disorder is problematic because plaque may develop within the CNS creating impaired nerve conduction.

Back 43

Multiple sclerosis

Front 44

That pathologic condition which frequently results from the migration of pyogenic bacteria from middle ear or mastoid air cells to cerebral anatomy is called:

Back 44

Meningitis

Front 45

If access at the lumbar level is not a possibility in myelography and the procedure is still a must, access at ________ is the next option.

Back 45

Cervical cistern

Front 46

The occupation of space within the cranial vault is a primary concern for:

Back 46

any type of neoplastic cerebral growth

Front 47

That pathologic condition (commonly a viral invasion ) which results in multiple hemorraghic points of brain parenchyma is:

Back 47

Encephalitis

Front 48

That condition which allows protrusion of spinal cord or meningies outside the spinal canal is:

Back 48

Spina bifida

Front 49

That portion of a vertebral disk, which acts as a tough protective cover is the:

Back 49

Annulus fibrosus

Front 50

A benign, cystic tumor growing from remnants of pituitary development is called

Back 50

craniopharyngioma

Front 51

Identify that inherited condition which demonstrates as atrophy of the caudate nucleus in CT

Back 51

Huntington's

Front 52

The most common nonglial tumor originates in the arachnoid tissues. This neoplasm is:

Back 52

Meningioma

Front 53

What is the most common nonglial tumor?

Back 53

Meningioma

Front 54

Identify that glioma which develops within the lining of the ventricles:

Back 54

Ependymoma

Front 55

The imaging modality of choice in the event of a prolapsed disk is:

Back 55

MRI

Front 56

The acute condition of adult onset encephalitis, usually caused by stroke or injury is:

Back 56

Encephalitis ex-vacuo

Front 57

Foward slippage of one vertebra on another is called:

Back 57

spondylolithesis

Front 58

Maintaining a balance of cerebral spinal fluid requires absorption of CSF through:

Back 58

Dural venous sinus

Front 59

Identify that neoplastic growth which is usually benign, affects hormone production and may erode the sella turcia:

Back 59

Pituitary adenoma

Front 60

True or false. A herniated disk is a contraindication for a myelogram?

Back 60

False

Front 61

Identify that parasitic disease which may create large cystic lesions in liver or brain.

Back 61

Echinococcosis

Front 62

Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents occur in one of two ways - with either gradual build up and progressively worsening symptoms OR acute, sudden onset of symptoms and dramatic effects. Those acute episodes are usually the result of :

Back 62

embolism

Front 63

An infarct is ___________.

Back 63

Ischemia

Front 64

How does a thrombosis develop?

Back 64

Slowly over time (hours or days)

Front 65

For what type of stroke is tPA given for?

Back 65

Ischemic to dissolve clots

Front 66

An ischemic stroke that occurs from an embolism at a foreign site has what type of onset?

Back 66

Sudden

Front 67

How do nonglial neoplasms grow?

Back 67

Through expansion

Front 68

What is the most common type of nonglial neoplasm?

Back 68

Meningioma

Front 69

How do glial neoplasms grow?

Back 69

Through infiltration

Front 70

Half of primary brain tumors are _________.

Back 70

Gliomas

Front 71

Gliomas arising from the lining of ventricles are :

Back 71

Ependymomas

Front 72

Advanced highly malignant gliomas are :

Back 72

Astrocytomas

Front 73

A slow growing usually benign astrocytoma is :

Back 73

Oligodendroglioma

Front 74

Slow growing, infiltrative, low grade gliomas are :

Back 74

Astrocytomas

Front 75

______ account for half of all gliomas.

Back 75

Malignant glioblastomas

Front 76

Name the rapidly growing, highly malignant, infiltrating tumor of neuroepithelial tissue.

Back 76

Medulloblastoma

Front 77

Medulloblastomas occur in the _________.

Back 77

Cerebellum, usually extending from the fourth ventricle

Front 78

Medulloblastomas occur in what age groups?

Back 78

Children and young adults

Front 79

What type of neoplasm originates in the arachnoid space?

Back 79

Meningioma

Front 80

Enlarged foramen spinosum and increased meningeal vascular markings are indicators of :

Back 80

Meningioma

Front 81

________ is a neoplasm that is usually benign and affects hormone production.

Back 81

Pituitary adenoma

Front 82

Erosion of the sella tursica may be visible on CT or a lateral skull image with this neoplasm.

Back 82

Pituitary adenoma

Front 83

List the three tumors of central nerve sheath cells.

Back 83

Acoustic neurilemoma, acoustic neuroma, Schwannoma

Front 84

Tumors of the central nerve sheath cells are most commonly located where?

Back 84

8th cranial nerve

Front 85

Name the three types of tumors of central nerve sheath cells that compress brain tissue and erode temporal bone.

Back 85

Acoustic neurilemoma, acoustic neuroma, schwannoma

Front 86

These types of neoplasms account for 25% of brain tumors.

Back 86

Secondary metastases

Front 87

Secondary metastases usually occur from:

Back 87

Lung carcinoma

Front 88

What are symptoms of secondary metastases?

Back 88

headache and ataxia

Front 89

What type of neoplasm presents with signs of increased intracranial pressure?

Back 89

Secondary metastases

Front 90

Extramedullary and intramedullary tumors are classified as :

Back 90

Intramedullary

Front 91

Spinal tumors are divided into two categories. List them.

Back 91

Extradural intradural

Front 92

What types of tumors are classified as extramedullary?

Back 92

Meningiomas and neurofibromas

Front 93

What types of tumors are classified as intramedullary?

Back 93

Astrocytomas and ependymomas

Front 94

This type of head trauma is reversible interference with brain function.

Back 94

Concussion

Front 95

This type of head trauma is the brusing of brain tissue with rupture of small vessels and edema.

Back 95

Contusion

Front 96

This type of head trauma occurs when the skull is not compromised but tissue is damaged resulting from force exerted against the skull.

Back 96

Closed head injury

Front 97

The nerves travelling beyond the spinal cord ending at L1-L3 are referred to as ________.

Back 97

Cauda equina

Front 98

Non ionic contrast injected in myelography is absored withing ______ min and visualized for up to ______.

Back 98

20-30 min, 1 hour

Front 99

_______ is a disruption or imbalance of flow of cerebrospinal fluid.

Back 99

Hydrocephalus

Front 100

What type of hydrocephalus is linked to dementia?

Back 100

Normal pressure

Front 101

What type of hydrocephalus has primary symptoms consisting of headache, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness?

Back 101

Congenital

Front 102

What CNS disorder causes loss of coordination or balance, shuffling gait, memory loss, headache, and bladder control problems?

Back 102

Adult onset hydrocephalus

Front 103

What type of hydrocephalus occurs with damage to the brain caused by stroke or injury?

Back 103

Ex-vacuo

Front 104

In which type of hydrocephalus may we also see brain shrinkage?

Back 104

Ex-vacuo

Front 105

Gradual blockage of the CSF draining may cause:

Back 105

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Front 106

What type of hydrocephalus has the following symptoms: memory loss, gait disorder, urinary incontinence, and general slowing of activity?

Back 106

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Front 107

What disease shows atrophy of the caudate nucleus radiographically?

Back 107

Huntington's

Front 108

Ventricles loose concavity of caudate nucleus in which disease?

Back 108

Huntington's

Front 109

Acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid occur with :

Back 109

Meningitis

Front 110

What pathology can occur from pyogenic bacteria migrating from the middle ear or sinuses?

Back 110

Meningitis

Front 111

What are symptoms of cerebral echinococcosis?

Back 111

Headaches, paralysis, vertigo

Front 112

Infection of brain parenchyma (usually viral) occurs with:

Back 112

Encephalitis

Front 113

_________ causes cerebral edema with areas of bleeding throughout the brain.

Back 113

Encephalitis

Front 114

About ___% of encephalitis are pediatric.

Back 114

30

Front 115

______ is usually a result of chronic infection of middle ear, mastoids, sinuses, or systemic infection.

Back 115

Brain abscess

Front 116

With _____________, infection leads to cerebral softening, necrosis, and liquefaction of tissue.

Back 116

Brain abscess

Front 117

Osteoarthritic changes impinging on the nerve root occurs with:

Back 117

Spondylosis

Front 118

Slippage of vertebrae occurs with:

Back 118

Spondylolithesis

Front 119

PET imaging shows areas of decreased glucose metabolism with:

Back 119

Alzheimer's

Front 120

_________ is a progressive disease characterized by stooped posture, stiffness, slowness of movement, fixed facial expression and involuntary rhythmic tremor.

Back 120

Parkinson's disease

Front 121

Degenerative changes in the basal ganglia indicates:

Back 121

Parkinson's disease

Front 122

________ seems to be an enzyme defect resulting in deficient production of dopamine.

Back 122

Parkinson's

Front 123

Cortical atrophy visualized in CT indicates:

Back 123

Parkinson's, also a normal sign of aging

Front 124

Contributing substances to cerebellar atrophy are:

Back 124

alcohol and phenytoin

Front 125

What is the most common type of demyelinating disorder?

Back 125

Multiple sclerosis

Front 126

Name that disease. Impaired nerve conduction may result in double vision, involutary rapid movement of the eye, loss of balance, poor coordination, shaking tremor, muscular weakness, speaking difficulty and bladder dysfunction.

Back 126

Multiple sclerosis

Front 127

A temporary localized reduction of blood flow in the brain is a ___________.

Back 127

Transient ischemic attack

Front 128

Name that disease. Uncontrollable discharge of neurons on BOTH sides of the brain is most common. The seizure starts in one area of the brain and spreads across the brain.

Back 128

Epilepsy