Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the functions of the frontal lobe? |
motor control judgement impulsivity problem solving social interaction Broca's area |
|
|
What are the functions of the occipital lobe? |
visual cortex (blind sight) |
|
|
What are the functions of the temporal lobe? |
spirituality contains the limbic system and auditory system wernick's area |
|
|
What are the functions of the cerebellum? |
coordinates movement precision accurate timing |
|
|
What are the functions of the hypothalamus? |
works with the ANS thirst/hunger rage/pleasure |
|
|
What are the functions of the hippocampus? |
memory and learning |
|
|
What are the functions of the amygdala? |
emotions! empathy fear/aggression activated by mirror neurons (part of the limbic system) |
|
|
What are the functions of the nucleus accumbens? |
pleasure centre (matures faster than the prefrontal cortex) |
|
|
What are the functions of the left side of the brain? |
organization math skills logic spoken language word recognition literal interpretation |
|
|
What are the functions of the right side of the brain? |
creativity non verbal face recognition spacial relations multitasking perceptual tasks |
|
|
What is GABA? How does it work? |
an inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter in the brain
when GABA attaches to its receptor on the post synaptic neuron, it allows Cl- to pass through. --it hyperpolarizes the post synaptic neuron --inhibits the transmission of an impulse |
|
|
What is Glutamate? |
an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter depolarizes AP in the spinal cord |
|
|
What is Glycine? How does it work? |
it is an inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter when Glycine attaches to its receptor on the post synaptic neuron, it allows Cl- to pass through.--it hyperpolarizes the post synaptic neuron--inhibits the transmission of an impulse |
|
|
What does NE regulate in the CNS? |
arousal mood blood pressure control |
|
|
What does Serotonin regulate in the CNS? |
mood sexual function appetite sleep |
|
|
What 2 ways can antidepressants work? |
Either block the break down of serotonin or blocks serotonin from leaving the synaptic cleft |
|
|
What is schizophrenia likely caused by> |
imbalance of dopamine |
|
|
What is oxytocin and what does it do? |
a hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland plays a role in the formation of monogamous relations, trust and attachment |
|
|
high levels of oxytocin causes what? |
high levels of trust and attachment |
|
|
How does alcohol effect GABA in the CNS? |
since GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, when alcohol is consumed it blocks this receptor and hyper polarizes its affects --causing heightened GABA effects -----sedation, incoordination |
|
|
How does alcohol effect Glutamate in the CNS? |
Since glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter, the attachment of alcohol causes the effects of Glutamate to be suppressed ----memory loss, cognitive dysfunction |
|
|
How does alcohol effect 5HT in the CNS? |
Since serotonin is an excitatory neurotransmitter, the attachment of alcohol blocks the effects of 5HT ---agression, sleepiness, impulsiveness |
|
|
What do Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines do? |
cause sedation and sleepiness |
|
|
What does cocaine do to the CNS? |
blocks re-uptake of dopamine, NE, E to the presynaptic terminal |
|
|
What are amphetamines? What do they do? |
-they are a stimulant -block the release of dopamine, from the axon terminals and block the re-uptake of dopamine |
|
|
What are the short term effects of amphetamines? |
increased HR increased food pressure reduced appetite dilation of the pupil feeling of happiness and power reduced fatigue |
|
|
What is the main ingredient of marijuana? |
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) |
|
|
Where in the brain does tetrahydrocannabinol localize |
in the limbic system cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum |
|
|
What are the symptoms of heroin? |
analgesia (reduced pain) euphoria nausea sedation reduced anxiety hypothermia reduced respiration (suppresses preBotC) reduces coughing |
|
|
What does preBotC do? |
stops breathing -regulates breathing patterns |
|
|
What disorder does cocaine and methamphetamines mimic? |
schizophrenia, paranoia, compulsive behaviour |
|
|
What disorder does stimulates mimic? |
anxiety, panic attacks, mania, and sleep disorders |
|
|
What disorder does LSD, ecstasy and psychedelics mimic? |
delusions and hallucinations |
|
|
What disorder does alcohol, sedatives and narcotics mimic? |
depression and mood disturbances
|
|
|
What are neurodegenerative diseases? |
diseases that lead to neural death progressive loss of structure and function |
|
|
what are the most common neurodegenerative diseases? |
parkinsons alzheimers huntingtons ALS |
|
|
what are the diseases of the cerebral cortex? |
alzheimers |
|
|
what are the diseases of the basal ganglia? |
Parkinsons
Huntingtons |
|
|
what are the diseases of the cerebellum? |
Ataxia Spinocerebellar atrophy |
|
|
what are the diseases of the motor neurons and spinal cord? |
ALS spinal muscular atrophy |
|
|
What is the most common cause of dementia? |
alzheimers |
|
|
What are symptoms of alzheimer's disease? |
loss of memory, task performance, speech recognition of persons |
|
|
What is deteriorating that causes alzheimer's? |
loss of the cholinergic neutrons in the basil forebrain, hippocampus, frontal and parietal cortex plague and tangles |
|
|
What are the risk factors for dementia? |
age genetics atherosclerosis high cholesterol diabetes down syndrome |
|
|
What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease? |
rigidity involuntary movements shuffling gait |
|
|
What are the treatment options for Parkinson's disease? |
stop the breakdown of dopamine DBS- tries to mimic the activity of dopamine (works on Tourettes too) |
|
|
How is huntington's disease inherited? |
by one parent on chromosome 4 |
|
|
What are the symptoms of ALS? |
selective motor neuron loss
effects muscle control, paralysis no cure (more common in males) |
|
|
What is EEG? |
electroencephalogram non-invasive technique for detecting and localizing electrical activities of the CNS -uses electrodes |
|
|
What is EEG used for? |
localizing epilepsy for research to analyze cognitive functions of the brain |
|
|
How does the EEG work? |
generated signals from the cortex measures inhibitory and excitatory APs |
|
|
What is REM sleep? |
dreams occur low amplitude, high frequency eyes flicker similar to wakefulness (beta waves) |
|
|
What is NREM? |
high amplitude, low frequency (delta waves) |
|
|
What is REM behaviour disorder |
movement of muscles while sleeping (not normal- muscles should be flaccid) --early indication that neutrons are dying |
|
|
What is the reticular activating system? |
a system that regulates sleep and wakefulness -plays major role in alertness, fatigue, and motivation to perform various tasks |
|
|
What is the reticular activating system connected to? |
thalamus hypothalamus cortex |
|
|
What is the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus? |
-in the hypothalamus -PROMOTES SLEEP -primarily active during sleep and inhibit other neurons involved in wakefulness -destruction of this area can result in insomnia, coma and eventually death |
|
|
What are the two types of stroke? |
hemorrhagic stroke (15%) ischemic stroke (85%) |
|
|
What is hemorrhagic stroke? |
bursting of a blood vessel |
|
|
What is a ischemic stroke? |
blood clot or blocked vessel |
|
|
What is a carotid ultrasound? |
will show narrowing of a blood vessel in the carotid artery |
|
|
What is multiple sclerosis? |
wen your immune system attacks myelin and oligodendrocytes in the CNS |
|
|
What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis? |
blurred vision numbness incoordination speech disturbances |
|
|
Is MS more common in men or women? |
women |
|
|
Why does removing of the myelin cause such big problems in MS? |
action potentials on the axons are slowed
|
|
|
What are the three types of pain? |
Nociceptive pain inflammatory pain pathological pain |
|
|
What is nociceptive pain? |
touching something hot, cold, intense, chemical irritant that sends a noxious stimuli that causes an autonomic withdrawal reflex -high-threshold pain |
|
|
What is inflammatory pain? |
associated with tissue damage, causing inflammation and the activation of macrophages, etc -low-threshold pain |
|
|
What is pathological pain? |
separates into neuropathic pain and dysfunctional pain -neuropathic pain- damage to the nervous system -dysfunctional pain- abnormal function |
|
|
What are the functions of the spinal cord? |
-conduction- of signals throughout the body -locomotion- of muscles- repetitive, coordinated actions reflexes- involuntary responses to stimuli, involving brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves |
|
|
What is the white matter in the spinal cord? |
bundles of axons fibres that go up and down the spinal cord |
|
|
What is spina bifida? |
congenital defect in which one or more vertebrae fail to form a complete vertebral arch for enclosures of the spinal cord -common in the lumbosacral region |
|
|
Why doesn't regrowth happen in the central nervous system? |
there are oligiodendrites in the CNS that have proteins in them that stop axon growth |
|
|
What is sensory memory? |
holds sensations lasts up to 1/2 a second for visual and 2-4 seconds for auditory |
|
|
What is short-term memory? |
holds perceptions for analysis up to 30 seconds without rehearsal |
|
|
what is long-term memory? |
relatively permanent storage relatively permanent |
|
|
What is responsible for the formation of new memories? |
the hippocampus |
|
|
What is retrograde amnesia? |
can't remember things that happened before a certain point |
|
|
What is anterograde amnesia? |
can't form new memories past a certain point |
|
|
When does long-term potentiation occur? |
occurs when one or more axons bombard a dendrite with stimulation |
|
|
What does long-term potentiation do? |
changes the strength of synapse (can increase or decrease the number of receptors on an axon terminal) |
|
|
What does long-term potentiation activate? |
NMDA (glutamate receptor) if you block NMDA, you block LTP receptors |
