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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In fetal development, what type of tissue does the CNS develop from?
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Ectoderm
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What are the steps of the development of the CNS?
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1. Neural plate forms (along one surface of the embryo.
2. Cells of ectoderm differentiate to neurons & neuroglia. 3. Neural groove forms (along midline of neural plate) 4. Cellular mitosis occurs lateral to groove and form neural folds. 5. The neural folds adjoin & fuse to form neural crest. Groove becomes neural tube. The crest becomes the PNS. The tube becomes the CNS. 6. The cephalic end of the tube develops into the major brain regions. |
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In fetal CNS development, what are the major regions of the brain in the neural tube and what do they develop into?
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Diencephalon > thalamus & hypothalamus
Tri or Telencephalon > R & L cerebral hemispheres Mesencephalon > midbrain Metencephalon > pons & cerebellum Myelencephalon > medulla oblongata |
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What is it called when one hemisphere of the brain has dominant function over the other?
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Lateralization.
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What are some functions of the left cerebral hemisphere?
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>Control of skeletal muscle movements on right side.
>Ability to reason >Numerical & scientific skills >Spoken & written language |
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What are some functions of the right cerebral hemisphere?
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>Control skeletal muscle movements on left side.
>Attention >Musical & artistic awareness >Spatial & pattern awareness >Recognition of faces >Emotional content of language |
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What does the cerebral cortex consist of?
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Neuronal cell bodies (gray matter), interneurons, unmyelinated axons, some dendrites & neuroglia
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What is the function of the gyri & sulci?
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>Increase surface area
>Organize cerebral cortex |
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What sulcus separates the frontal & parietal lobes?
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Central sulcus
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What sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the frontal & parietal lobes?
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Lateral cerebral sulcus
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What is the cerebral white matter primarily composed of?
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Myelinated axons & dendrites
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What are the 3 types of tracts white matter is arranged into and what is the difference between them?
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>Association tracts-communication within same hemisphere
>Commisural tracts-communication with opposite hemispheres >Projection tracts-communication btwn brain & spinal cord |
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What are the 3 major basal nuclei individually and collectively?
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1. Globus pallidus
2. Putamen 3. Caudate Collectively called Corpus Striatum. 1 & 2 together are the Lentiform nuclei. |
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What is the function of the basal nuclei?
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>receives info from thalamus & relay it to prefrontal & premotor cortices
Motor functions >Maintain muscle tone for movements >Begin & end movements >Unconscience control of skeletal muscles |
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What is the function of the primary somatosensory area/post-central gyrus?
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Receives sensory info from skin & muscles regarding temp, touch, pain, & proprioception
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What is the function of the primary visual area?
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Receive info from optic nerve (CNII) regarding vision including color, shape, & movement
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What is the fxn of the primary auditory area?
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Interpret pitch, rhythum, loudness of sound
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What is the fxn of the primary motor area/precentral gyrus?
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>Contraction of skeletal muscles
>Skilled & precise voluntary movement >Planning movements |
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What is the fxn of the premotor area?
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>Coordinate groups of muscles for specific tasks
>Recognize sequence of muscles used in that task |
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What is the fxn of Broca's speech area?
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>Stimulate muscle contraction for speech
>Plans sounds |
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What is the fxn of the frontal eye field?
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Control extrinsic eye muscles
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What do the association areas of the brain do?
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>Receive info from primary sensory & motor areas
>Associate & integrate info & save for future recognition |
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What is the fxn of the visual association area?
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Correlate current visual images w/ stored & previous visual images
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What is the fxn of the auditory association area?
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Distinguish btwn sounds (music vs. speech)
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What is the fxn of the somatosensory assocation area?
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>Interpret info from primary somatosensory area
>Determine shape & texture >Sensory storage |
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What is the fxn of Wernickes speech area?
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Create understandable language
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What is the fxn of the prefrontal cortex?
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Planning, judgement, emotion, language, comprehension
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What is the brain stem made up of?
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Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
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What is the fxn of the medulla oblongata?
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>relay sensory & motor info btwn spinal cord & brain
Nuclei >Contains nuclei for 5 of 12 CN >Rhythmicity center-respiration rate >Cardiovascular center-regulates heart rate, blood pressure, vasomotor tone >Contain nuclei that control reflexes including coughing, sneezing, vomiting |
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What is the medulla oblongata composed of?
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Nuclei & white matter tracts, w/ no arrangement except for pyramids (elevations on inferior surface of medulla)
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What is the fxn of the pons?
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>Relay sensory & motor info.
Nuclei >Contain nuclei for 4 CN >Involved in respiration >Works w/ cerebellum in controlling muscle movements & posture based on incoming info.-proprioception |
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What is the fxn of the midbrain?
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>Relay sensory & motor info
Nuclei >Contain auditory & visual centers-responds to stimuli by altering head & eye position (Corpora quadrigemina-2 superior & inferior colliculi) >Assist other areas of brain w/ muscle movements (e.g. substaintia nigra) >RAS (Reticular Activating System)-regulates level of alertness by monitoring all sensory info |
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What is the structure that connects the cerebellum to the brain stem?
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Cerebellar peduncles
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The cerebellum is composed of two layers the cerebellar cortex and the deep white matter referred to as________.
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Arbor vitae (tree of life)
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What is the fxn of the cerebellum?
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>Help coordinate activities of groups of muscles by relaying sensory info to cerebrum
>Help smooth movements (for effeciency & coordination) >Posture & balance |
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What is the diencephalon?
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The thalamus & hypothalamus
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What is the fxn of the thalamus?
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>crude sensory interpretation
>relay station for sensory info (determines where to send info) |
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What is the fxn of the hypothalamus?
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Homeostasis center of brain:
>Controls ANS >Eating & drinking >Sleeping & waking >Emotions >Control endocrine fxns >thermoregulation |
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What is the anatomical difference between cranial & spinal dura mater?
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Cranial
>Fused to skull >2 layers, fused but separate in areas creating dural sinuses filled w/ blood Spinal >Not fused to vertebrae, space btwn called epidural space containing adipose tissue & blood vessels >1 layer, lacking dural sinuses |
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Where is the subarachnoid space located? What fluid fills this space?
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Btwn arachnoid & pia mater; filled w/ CSF
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Pia mater is an anatomical component of the__________.
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Choroid plexus
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CSF is lower in ___, ___, ___, ____, then plasma and higher in ____, ___, ____.
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Lower-K+, Ca2+, glucose, HCO3-
Higher-Na+, Cl-, Mg2+ |
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What are the fxn of CSF?
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>Cushion CNS
>Transport nutrients & wastes >Buoy brain (reduces weight) |
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CSF is produced by what 3 structures?
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>Capillaries
>Pia mater >Ependymal cells-neuroglia;specialized epithelium (simple ciliated columnar); lines all ventricles of brain |
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Describe the flow of CSF.
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1. Lateral ventricles-produced by choroid plexus on floor of lateral ventricles
2. Intraventricular foramina 3. 3rd ventricle (+ more CSF) 4. Cerebral aqueduct 5. 4th ventricle (+ more CSF) 6. Median & Lateral apertures-Median to central canal of spinal cord, Lateral to subarachnoid space of meninges 7. All flows back into subarachnoid space on superior surface of brain eventually 8. CSF flows from arachnoid villi into dural sinuses returning to circulatory system |
