Central Nervous System

Front 1

OVERALL ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
What are the 2 main groups

Back 1

CNS: brain & spinal cord (central nervous sys)
PNS: bundles of nerves extending from brain & spinal cord (peripheral nervous sys)

Front 2

PNS
what are the 2 division of PNS

Back 2

Afferent : snesory nerve fibers that bring information to the brain like tactile, pain receptors
Efferent: nerves that deliver signals to muscles & glands

Front 3

EFFERENT MOTOR NEURONS
what are the 2 divisions

Back 3

Somatic : Voluntary control
Autonomic: Involuntary Functions
SNS
PNS

Front 4

HISTOLOGY
what is it like
What are the types

Back 4

A system of densely packed cellular networks
2 principle types:
Neuron
Neuroglia (play supportive roles)

Front 5

NEUROGLIA
what is its function
what are the types

Back 5

Supportive/Metabolic
4 types of neuroglia cells
Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal, & Oligodendrocytes/Schwann Cells

Front 6

ASTROCYTES
name derived from?
what is the cytoplasm abundant in?

Back 6

Name derived from star-like shape of the cell. dozens of fine radiating projections.
-Cytoplasm: abundant with a variety of filaments that add support/rigidity
-Abundant in glycogen granules (supply energy)

Front 7

ASTROCYTES
Functions

Back 7

1. Energy: glycogen (backup supply)
2. Froms part of BBB:blood brain barrier
3. Buffering: K+ uptake (takes up K levels when they are too high)
4. Removes NTX from CSF: glutamate, GABA, glycine
5. Immunity: release cytokines (inflammation)
6. Nerve growth: adhesion molecules, scaffolding

Front 8

MICROGLIA
descripe them
are they usually active or in active
when do they activate?
What doe they have?
What does degree of activation depend on?
What does it secrete?

Back 8

-highly branched cells, sparse cytoplasm
-usually inactive, activate during injury
-have functional plasticity. can change function as needed
-have phagocytic activity: remove neuronal debris
-degree of activation depends on extent of injury
-secrete substances required for cell differentiation & growth

Front 9

EPENDYMAL CELLS
what is there size & shape
contains
lines
involved in

Back 9

Vary in shape & size
Often have cilia
Lines ventricles & spinal cord
Involved in circulating CSF

Front 10

OLIGODENDROCYTES
involved in?
what about schwann cells

Back 10

Involved in myelination of the CNS
Schwann cells: similar cell type, involved in melination of the PNS

Front 11

MYELINATION
what is it?
What is the process?
Nodes of Ranvier?

Back 11

Insulation for neuronal wire
Process: cells envelop the nearby
axon, laying down multiple layers of
a lipid called sphingomyelin (insulation)
Gaps exist between each mylinated area, called Nodes of Ranvier
-Ion channels underneath covered layers degrade

Front 12

THE NEURON
carries?
consists?
soma contains? lacks?

Back 12

Carries electrical information
Consists of a cell body called soma
Soma has usual organelles
Lacks centrioles = no mitosis

Front 13

THE NEURON
what are the structures that extend from the soma?

Back 13

Axon & Dendrites

Front 14

AXON
how many axons in a neuron?
how do they branch?
what does the cell lack/contain?
how does it get energy & NTX
what is the Function?

Back 14

-1 axon per neuron
-May branch out along its length
-May branch upwards at terminal end 10000 times to form nerve terminals
-Contain some organelles
-Lacks centrioles, Gogli, ER
-Rely on soma & cytoskeletal transport for energy, NTX
-F-transports msgs away from cell body

Front 15

DENDRITES
how is it branched
what organelles does it contain?
function?

Back 15

Diffusely branched structure
Contain all necessary organelles
Receives input from neighboring
axons & delivers it to some
RECEIVES MSG

Front 16

SYNAPSE
greek meaning?
how is it structured?
which are axons? dendrites?

Back 16

Means to fasten together
Structure: small knobs that lie on
surface of axons & dendrites
Axons = pre synaptic
Dendrites = post synaptic

Front 17

PRE SYNAPTIC TERMINALS
what can they be catag. as?
what are the important features?
what is the membrane like?

Back 17

-Can be excitatory or inhibitory
-Important features: cytoskeleton, transmitter vessicles, lg qty of mitochondria
-Membrane: lg qty of voltage-gated Ca++ channels

Front 18

PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS
how do channels open?
What does Ca++ influx do?

Back 18

When an AP occurs: a certain voltage is reached that opens Ca++ channels
Ca++ influx: allows for release of NTX via exocytosis

Front 19

POST SYNAPTIC TERMINALS

Back 19

Lg qty of receptor proteins (accepts NTX)
NTX will interact with receptor to propagate signal

Front 20

RECEPTORS
basic types
functions

Back 20

Ionotropic (movement of ions)
Metabotropic (2nd msgers)
Function: signal propagation

Front 21

IONOTROPIC
what type of channels
location
lined with?
repels?

Back 21

Cation/Anion channels
Imbedded in membrane
Lineed with AA of opp charge of ion
they want to attract
Serve to repel nearby anions

Front 22

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS CONT'D
Structure
What happens to pores?
What happens to subunits?
Action?

Back 22

Structure: usually mult. protein subunits that assemble to form a gated pore
-pore can open when activated to allow ion influx
-subunits can vary to allow for varying degrees of activity
-Action:agonist binds, allows for conformational change, channel opens > activity

Front 23

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS
GPCRs
what is it?
Contains?
Activates?

Back 23

Large helical, membrane spanning protein
-Contains G protein: specialized protein that can bind GTP & has GTPase activity
-Process activates 2nd msgers that can stimiulate/inhibit

Front 24

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS
is a basic __ __ __?
agonist binds to?
conformational change?
GTP?
Singal?

Back 24

-basic mechanism of activation
-agonist binds to GPCR
-conformation change: exposes G protein which binds to GTP
-initiates/inhibits downstream second msger system
-GTP hydrolyzes, G protein activates
-Signal ceases

Front 25

NTXs: ACH
Synthesis?
Receptors?
Degradation?

Back 25

Acetylcholine
Synthesis-acetic acid+Coenzyme A form Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA + Choline form ACH
Receptors for ACH: Nicotinic, Muscarinic
Degradation: Acetylcholinsterase

Front 26

NTXs: BIOGENIC AMINES
derived from?
follow?
steps
what will neurons producing a NTX possess?

Back 26

-Derived from Tyrosine
-Follow enzymatic pathway
-Tyrosine > DOPA > Dopamine >Norepinephrine > Epinephrine
-Neurons producing a particular NTX will possess only the enzymes necessary to make that particular NTX

Front 27

BIOGENIC AMINES: DOPAMINE
location?
what does it interact with?
what does this affect?
Inactivated by?

Back 27

-Most DA producing neurons are located in substantia nigra (black substance of the midbrain)
-Interacts w/ variety of receptor types
-Affects mood (ie depression, parkinsons disease)
-Inactivated by MAO (monoamine oxydase)

Front 28

BIOGENIC AMINES: NOREPINEPHRINE
location
what do they interact with?
implicated in?

Back 28

Cell bodies that mfr NE are located in locus coeruleus of the midbrain
-Interact with "adrenergic" receptors
-Implicated in mood, dpression, addiction

Front 29

INDOLAMINES
2 types
what are each
from what are each derived

Back 29

Serotonin: NTX (affects mood)
-derived from tryptophan
Histamine: gets released to produce inflammation
-derived from histidine

Front 30

INDOLAMINES: SEROTONIN
location
interact with?
implicated in?

Back 30

Cell bodies of serotonin mfr'ing neurons reside in raphe nuclei
-Interact with a variety of serotonin receptor subtypes
-Implicated in mood, dpression: SSRI

Front 31

SEROTONIN RECEPTORS
types

Back 31

5 HT3: chemoreceptive center (emesis

Antagonists: Ondansetron

Front 32

AMINO ACIDS
types

Back 32

# of AAs have been Id'd to have NTX activity
-Glutamate: excitatory (opens Ca channels)
-Glycine: inhibitory (spinal cord - opens chloride channels)
-GABA: CNS inhibitory (opens chloride channels)
-Pharmacological implications

Front 33

NEOROPEPTIDES
what are they?
what are some?

Back 33

-strings of AAs
-Endorphins, Enkaphalins (runners high, 2nd wind)
-Substance P (pain)
-Tachykinins

Front 34

NOVEL NTXs (GASES)
types

Back 34

NO: LTP (long-term memmories)
CO: may reg. cGMP levels in CNS (thought to play role in memmory as well)

Front 35

THE BRAIN
what is it
what is it called?
what does it control

Back 35

Central "switchboard"
Master Computer
Controls mult. of activities

Front 36

THE BRAIN: embryonically
what happens at 3 weeks gest.
what happens at 4 weeks gest.

Back 36

3 weeks: brain forms nueral plate. Neural plate invaginates forming groove, flanked by 2 nueral folds. Folds fuse to form nueral tube.
4 weeks: Neural tube differentiates caudally forming spinal cord & anteriorly forming brain

Front 37

THE BRAIN
divided into?
describe the surface?
elevated ridges are called?
shallow grooves are called?
deep grooves are called?

Back 37

divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres
-surface is grooved
-elevated ridges: gyri
-shallow grooves: sulci
-deep grooves: fissures

Front 38

THE BRAIN: CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
hemispheres make up how much of the brain?
what do the hemispheres form?
what are the 3 regions of the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 38

83-85% of brain mass
form superior portion of brain
3 regions: Cortex, white matter, basal nuclei

Front 39

CORTEX:
involves?
where is it located?
how thick is it?
composed of?
contains?

Back 39

involves the conscious mind
most superficial
2-4 mm thick
composed of gray matter: soma, dendrites, & axons
-contains 6 layers w/ billions of neurons

Front 40

CORTEX CONT'D
how many fuctional areas?

Back 40

3 functional areas:
motor
sensory
association

Front 41

MOTOR AREAS
control?
location?
broken down into how many subdivisions & what are they?

Back 41

Controls voluntary movement
Located on the posterior portion of the frontal lobes
-Broken down into several subdivisions:
Primary, Premotor, Broccas, & Frontal eye

Front 42

PRIMARY MOTOR AREAS
contains?
by where is each muscle controlled
how do these areas work?

Back 42

Contains large nerve tracts called pyramidal tracts
-A given muscle is controlled by a particular area of the primary motor cortex
-Areas work synergistically

Front 43

PREMOTOR MOTOR AREAS
what do they control
what's an example?

Back 43

Controls learned, repititious motor skills
examples: instrument, typing

Front 44

BROCCAS MOTOR AREAS
location?
where present?
function?

Back 44

Inferior to premotor area
usually present only in 1 hemisphere (usually the left)
-becomes active to direct muscles involved in speech production

Front 45

FRONTAL EYE FIELD MOTOR AREAS
location?
controls?

Back 45

Anterior to premotor area
controls voluntary eye movement

Front 46

CORTEX: SENSORY AREAS
involved in?
divided into how many subdivisions, what are they?

Back 46

involved in receiving & interpreting sensory input

divided into 7 subdivisions: primary, sensory association, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, vestibular

Front 47

PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX\
function?

Back 47

receives info from sensory receptors in the skin & skeletal muscle

Front 48

SENSORY ASSOCIATION OF THE SENSORY CORTEX
locatoin
function
ability to ?

Back 48

posterior to primary sensory
integrates sensory input (temp, pressure, texture.)
ability to ID unseen objects

Front 49

VISUAL SENSORY CORTEX
location?
function?
lies near?

Back 49

posterior to tip of occipital
recieves visual info from retina
lies in close proximity to an area called the visual association area, which interprets this data

Front 50

AUDITORY SENSORY CORTEX
location?
function?
where is this data interpreted by?

Back 50

superior margin of temporal lobe
obtains info about pitch, rhythm, & loudness from auditory receptors
-this data interpreted by association areas

Front 51

OLFACTORY SENSORY CORTEX
function

Back 51

smell & perception of odors

Front 52

GUSTATORY SENSORY CORTEX
location?
function?

Back 52

in temporal lobe
receptors from tip of tongue transmit information regarding taste

Front 53

VESTIBULAR SENSORY CORTEX
function?

Back 53

conscious awareness of balance

Front 54

ASSOCIATION AREAS OF CORTEX
associated with?
communicate with?
divided into __ catagories? they are

Back 54

Closely associated with motor/sensory areas

Communicate with the centers
-divided into 4 subdivisions: prefrontal, language, general interpretation, & visceral

Front 55

PREFRONTAL ASSOCIATION AREAS OF CORTEX
location?
involves?

Back 55

anterior frontal lobe
involves intellect, cognition, recall, personality, judgement, reasoning, planning, conscience

Front 56

LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION AREAS OF CORTEX
involves?
wernickes?
broccas?
lateral?

Back 56

comprehension & articulation of sounds
wernickes=sounding out words
broccas=speech production
lateral=word analysis & comprehension

Front 57

GENERAL INTERPRETATION ASSOCIATION AREAS OF CORTEX
location?
encompasses?
function?

Back 57

usually in left hemi
encompasses temporal, parietal, &
occiptal hemi's
receives input from all sensory association areas & integrates it into a single thought

Front 58

VISCERAL ASSOCIATION AREAS OF CORTEX
what is it?
examples

Back 58

conscious perception of visceral sensations
exampe: full bladder, upset stomach, etc.