Central Nervous System

Front 1

Two protective coverings of Spinal Cord and Brain

Back 1

- Outer covering is bone

- Inner covering is the meninges

- There are 3 layers to the meninges;
Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

Front 2

Dura Matter

Back 2

strong, white fibrous tissue; outer layer of meninges and inner periosteum of the cranial bones

Front 3

3 Extensions of Dura matter

Back 3

- Falx Cerebri- projects downward into fissure between two cerebral hemespheres

- Falx Cerebelli - sperates the two hemespheres of cerebellum

- Tentorium cerebelli- separates the cerebellum below from the cerebrum
above

Front 4

Arachnoid mater

Back 4

delicate, thin layer between the duraduramater and pia mater matermater

Front 5

Pia mater

Back 5

• innermost, transparent layer

• contains blood vessels

• beyond the spinal cord, forms a slender filament called filum terminale

Front 6

Epidural space

Back 6

located between the dura mater and inside the
bony covering of the spinal cord

Front 7

Subdural space

Back 7

located between the dura mater and arachnoid
mater

Front 8

Subarachnoid space

Back 8

located between the arachnoid and pia
mater

Front 9

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Back 9

• Functions
-Provides a supportive, protective cushion
- Reservoir of circulating fluid, which is monitored by the brain to detect changes in the internal environment

Front 10

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 10

found within the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord and within the cavities and canals of the brain and spinal cordcanals cord

Front 11

Ventricles

Back 11

fluid-filled spaces within the brain

four ventricles within the brain;
• First and second ventricles (lateral) —one located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum
• Third ventricle — thin, vertical pocket of fluid below and medial to the lateral ventricles
• Fourth ventricle —tiny, diamond-shaped space where the
cerebellum attaches to the back of the brainstem

Front 12

Cerebrospinal fluid Path

Back 12

• Fluid from the lateral ventricles seeps through the interventricular
foramen into the third ventricle
• From the third ventricle, fluid goes through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle
• From the fourth ventricle, fluid goes to two different areas: The central canal of the spinal cord, or into venous blood.

Front 13

Structure of the spinal cord

Back 13

Lies within the spinal cavity and extends from the foramen magnum to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra

Front 14

Fibers of dorsal nerve root

Back 14

Carry sensory information into the spinal canal

Front 15

Dorsal root ganglion

Back 15

cell bodies of unipolar, sensory neurons , make up a small region of gray matter in the dorsal nerve root

Front 16

Fibers of ventral nerve root

Back 16

Carry motor information out of the spinal cord

Cell bodies of multipolar motor neurons are in the gray matter of motor the spinal cord

Front 17

Interneurons

Back 17

located in the spinal cord’s gray matter core

Front 18

Spinal nerve

Back 18

a single mixed nerve on each side of the spinal cord where the dorsal and ventral nerve roots join together

Front 19

Cauda equina

Back 19

bundle of nerve roots extending (along with the
extending filum terminale terminale) from the conus medullaris (inferior end of spinal cord)

Front 20

Lateral spinothalamic tracts

Back 20

crude touch, pain, and temperature

ascending (sensory) tracts

Front 21

Anterior spinothalamic tracts

Back 21

crude touch, pressure

ascending (sensory) tracts

Front 22

Fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus

Back 22

discriminating touch and conscious kinesthesia

ascending (sensory) tracts

Front 23

Spinocerebellar tracts

Back 23

subconscious kinesthesia

ascending (sensory) tracts

Front 24

Spinotectal

Back 24

touch related to visual reflexes

ascending (sensory) tracts

Front 25

Lateral corticospinal tracts

Back 25

voluntary movements on opposite side of the body

Front 26

Anterior corticospinal tracts

Back 26

voluntary movements on same side of body

Front 27

Reticulospinal tracts

Back 27

maintain posture during movement

Front 28

Rubrospinal tracts

Back 28

transmit impulses that coordinate body movements and maintenance of posture

Front 29

Tectospinal tracts

Back 29

head and neck movements during visual reflexes

Front 30

Vestibulospinal tracts

Back 30

coordination of posture and balance

Front 31

Medulla oblongata

Back 31

• Lowest part of the brainstem
• Part of the brain that attaches to spinal cord, located just above the foramen magnum

Front 32

Pons

Back 32

• Located above the medulla and below the midbrain

contains reflexes mediated by fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth cranial nerves and pneumotaxic centers that help regulate respiration

Front 33

Midbrain

Back 33

• Located above the pons and below the cerebrum; forms the midsection of the brain

Front 34

where does Cerebrospinal Fluid form?

Back 34

The choroid plexuses

Front 35

Functions of the brainstem

Back 35

Performs sensory, motor, and reflex functions

Front 36

Nuclei in medulla

Back 36

contain reflex centers

• Of primary importance importance—cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers
• Nonvital reflexes reflexes— vomiting, coughing, sneezing sneezing, etc.

Front 37

cerebellum

Back 37

Second largest part of the brain

contains more neurons than the rest of the nervous system

Front 38

cerebellum functions

Back 38

• Acts with cerebral cortex to produce skilled movements by coordinating the activities of groups of muscles

• Controls skeletal muscles to maintain balance

Front 39

Diencephalon

Back 39

Located between the cerebrum and the midbrain

Consists of several structures located around the third ventricle:
thalamus
hypothalamus
optic chiasma
pineal gland

Front 40

Thalamus

Back 40

Dumbbell shaped mass of gray matter made up of many nuclei

responsible for sensations

responsible for emotions

Plays part in arousal mechanism

produce complex reflex movements

Front 41

Hypothalamus

Back 41

Consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus

• Links mind and body
• Links nervous system to endocrine system

Synthesizes hormones

regulating appetite

maintaining normal body temperature

Front 42

Postcentral gyrus

Back 42

mainly general somatic sensory area

Front 43

Precentral gyrus

Back 43

chiefly somatic motor area

Front 44

Transverse gyrus

Back 44

primary auditory area

Front 45

Occipital lobe

Back 45

primary visual areas

Front 46

Aphasias

Back 46

caused by lesions in speech centers (inability to speak)