Central Nervous System

Front 1

Outer coverings of the brain and spinal cord

Back 1

Bone; craniel bones encase the brain and vertebrea encase the spinal cord

Front 2

Inner coverings

Back 2

Meminges of the cord continue inside the spinal cavity beyond the end of the spinal cord as the filum terminale

Front 3

Dura Mater

Back 3

strong white fibrous tissue out layer of meninges and inner periosteum

Front 4

Arachnoid mater

Back 4

Delicate cobwebby middle layer contains collegen and elastic fibers

Front 5

Pia mater

Back 5

innermost transparent layer adheres to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord; contains blood vessels

Front 6

Inward extentions of the dura mater

Back 6

Falx cerebri
Superior Sagittal Sinus
Falx Cerebelli
Tentorium Cerebelli

Front 7

Falx Cerebri

Back 7

projections into longitudinal fissure between 2 hemispheres

Front 8

Superior Sagittal sinus

Back 8

is an area above/behind the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area,

Front 9

Falx Cerebelli

Back 9

separtes two hemispheres of cerebellium

Front 10

Tentorium Cerebelli

Back 10

separates cerebellum from cerebrum

Front 11

Spaces between and around mengings

Back 11

Epidural space
Subdural space
Subarchnoid space

Front 12

Epidural space

Back 12

between dura mater and bony covering of spinal cord absent around brain, fat & connective tissue

Front 13

Subdural space

Back 13

between dura mater and arachnoid mater, serous fluid

Front 14

Subarachnoid space

Back 14

between arachnoid mater and pia mater contains cerebrospinal fluid

Front 15

Cerebrospinal fluid functions

Back 15

Lymph like fluid provides nutrients to nerve cells; provides a supportive protective cusion; reservior of circulating fluid which is monitored by the brain to detect changes in the internal environment; spial taps can gice information about injury infection or disease

Front 16

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 16

found within the subarchnoid space around the brain and within cavities and canals of spinal cord and brain; acts a shock absorbers and tranposts dissolved gases nutrients and waste. formed by the separation of fluid from blood in the choroid plexuses into the ventricles

Front 17

Ventricles

Back 17

4 fluid filled spaces within the brain; first, second, third and fourth ventricle

Front 18

First & Second ventricle

Back 18

one loicated in each hemisphere of the cerebrum

Front 19

Third Ventricle

Back 19

thin, vertical pocket of fluid below and medial to the lateral ventricle

Front 20

Fourth ventricle

Back 20

tiny, diamond shaped space where the cerebellum attaches to the backi of the brainstem

Front 21

Circulation route of cerebrospinal fluid

Back 21

Fluid from lateral ventricles circulates through the interventricular foramen into third ventricle through cerebral aquaduct to fourth ventricle; from fourth ventricle it goes 2 places; some into the central canel of the spinal cord & some through cisterna magna into the subarachnoid space; it then absorbed back into venous blood through the arachnoid villi

Front 22

Spinal cord

Back 22

Lies within the spinal cavity and extends from the foramen magnum to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra; 2 enlargments, one in the cervical region and one in the lumbar region

Front 23

Dorsal Nerve Root

Back 23

Fibers carry sensory infromation into the spinal cord

Front 24

Ventral nerve root

Back 24

Fibers carry motor information out of the spinal cord

Front 25

Cells bodies of motor neurons are in

Back 25

gray matter of the spinal cord

Front 26

Spinal nerve

Back 26

a single mixed nerve on each side of the spinal cord where the dorsal and ventral nerve roots join together

Front 27

Gray matter

Back 27

inner portion; columns of gray matter extend the length of the cord; consists of cell bodies of motor neurons and internurons

Front 28

White matter

Back 28

piter portion; surrounds the gray matter and is subdived in each half of the cord into three funiculi (each funiculus consists of a large bundle of axons divided into tracts)

Front 29

Cauda Equina

Back 29

Bundles of nerve roots extending from conus medullaris--inferior end of spinal cord

Front 30

Functions of the spinal cord

Back 30

Provides conduction routes to and from the brain

Front 31

Ascending tracts

Back 31

conduct impulses up the cord to the brain

Front 32

Descending tracts

Back 32

conduct impulses down the cord from the brain

Front 33

Tracts are structural

Back 33

all axons from one tract originate in the same structure and terminate in the same structure

Front 34

Tracts are functional

Back 34

all axons composing one tract serve one another

Front 35

Brainstem

Back 35

perfoms sensory, motor and reflex functions; contains the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

Front 36

Medulla oblongata

Back 36

lowest part of the brainstem, attaches to the spinal cord located just above the foramen magnum; regulates vital alutomatic functions

Front 37

Cardiovascular center

Back 37

adjusts heart rate strength of cardiac contractions and blood flow

Front 38

Respiratory rhythmicity center

Back 38

sets pace for repisatory rates; nonvital reflexes, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing and hiccuping. Most vital part of brain, injury or disease to medulla oblongata often fatal

Front 39

Pons

Back 39

located above the medulla oblongata and below the midbrain, centers for relexes medicated by 5-8th cranial nerves, pheumotaxic centers-regulate respirations

Front 40

Midbrain

Back 40

located above the pons and below the cerbrum composed of white matter tracts that conduct impulses between the midbrain and the cerebrum

Front 41

Corpora Quadrigemina

Back 41

Body of 4 twins

Front 42

Inferior colliculi

Back 42

controls reflex movement of head, neck and trunck in response to auditory stimulation suh as a loud bang

Front 43

Superior colliculi

Back 43

controls reflex movements of eyes, head & neck in response to visual stimuli such as a bright light of flash

Front 44

Red nucleus and substantia nigra

Back 44

clusters of cell bodies involved in muscular control tone & posture

Front 45

Substantia nigra

Back 45

inhibits muscle over activity by relaeasing dopamine; degenerates in those woth parkinsons disease

Front 46

Cerebellum

Back 46

second largest part of the brain contains more neurons that the rest of the nervous system combined

Front 47

Cerebellum is located

Back 47

just below the psoterior portion of the cerebrum

Front 48

Cerebellum contains

Back 48

gray matter=outer portion cortex, white matter=inner portion arbor vitae; gyri (folia) are slender and less prominent that those of the cerebrum

Front 49

Cerebellium hemispheres are separated by

Back 49

vermis

Front 50

Dentate Nuclei

Back 50

one is each hemisphere connect with the thalamus and motor areas of cerebral cortex

Front 51

Functions of the cerebellium

Back 51

acts with cerebral cortx to produce skilled movements by corrdinating the activites of groups of muscles; controls skelton muscles to maintain balance; controls posture; operates at subconscious level to smooth movements and make movements efficent and corrdinated; coordinates sensory information

Front 52

Diencephalon

Back 52

located between the cerebrum and the midbrain

Front 53

Diencephalon consists of several structures

Back 53

thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasma and pinal gland

Front 54

Talamus is made up of

Back 54

gray matter = many nuclei

Front 55

Talamus is joined by

Back 55

intermediate mass extending through the 3rd ventricle; many axons conduct impulses into the thalamus from spinal cord brainstem, basal nuclei, cerebellum and cerebrum where they synapse with outgoing neurons to all areasw of cerebral cortex; neurons relaease sensory impulses to cerebrum, impulese produce sensation of pain, tempture touch. Emotions and arousal

Front 56

Hypothalamus

Back 56

lies beneath the thalamus, links body and mind, links nervouse system to endocrine system, regulates and coordinates autonomic activity, systhesizes hormones, produces behavioral drives, like hunger, thrist, and sex, regulates body tempture and maintains waking state.

Front 57

Pinal gland

Back 57

regulates the bodys biological daily clock, produces melatonin and asw they increase when sunlight is absent and decreases sunlight is present, high levels signal the body that is is time to sleep

Front 58

Cerebrum

Back 58

largest division of the brain; consist of right and left cerebral hemispheres

Front 59

The hemisphere consist of

Back 59

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
Insula - deep

Front 60

Cerebral cortex

Back 60

outer surface made up of gray matter

Front 61

Gyri

Back 61

elevated ridges increase surface area of the brain thus increasing the # of neurons in the cortex

Front 62

Sulci

Back 62

shallow groves

Front 63

Fissures

Back 63

deeper grooves

Front 64

Longitudinal fissure

Back 64

deeper fissure divides cerebrum into 2 hemispheres

Front 65

central sulcus

Back 65

groove between the frontal and parietal lobes

Front 66

lateral fissure

Back 66

between temporal lobe and parietal lobe

Front 67

Parietoocciptal fissure

Back 67

groove separates occipital from parietal lobe

Front 68

Association tracts

Back 68

most numerous extend from one convolution to another in same hemisphere

Front 69

Commissural tracts

Back 69

extend from one hemisphere tot he other (corpus
Callosum)

Front 70

Projection tracts

Back 70

extentions of sensory or motor tracts

Front 71

Basal Nuclei

Back 71

Islands of gray matter located deep inside the cerebrum; subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns give us rhythem in our movements (cycles of arm and legs movements when walking

Front 72

Cerebral cortex - functional areas

Back 72

Postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, transvers gyrus, opccipital lobe

Front 73

Postcentral gyrus

Back 73

somatic sensory area; receives information from heat, cold, pain, pressure and touch; compares and evaulates information (an ice cube in your hand

Front 74

Precentral gyrus

Back 74

somatic motor area; neurons direct voluntary movements of skeltal muscles, activiting groups of muscles simultaneously

Front 75

Transvers gyrus

Back 75

primary auditory area

Front 76

Occipital lobe

Back 76

primary visual area

Front 77

Sensory Functions

Back 77

Cortex contains a somatic sensory may of the body, processing informatin is important.

Front 78

Consciousness

Back 78

State of awareness of ones self, ones environment and other human beings

Front 79

Functions of the cortex

Back 79

Ability to speak and write words, speech centers , left hemisphere contains speech, aphasias: lesions in speech centers; emothions and meory

Front 80

Limbic System

Back 80

Know as emotional brain, behavioral drives, long-term memory storage and retrival, links emotions with memories such as rape, frea, happiness