Central Nervous System

Front 1

Adult Brain Regions

Back 1

1. Cerebral Hemispheres

2. Diencephalon

3. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata)

4. Cerebellum

Front 2

Regions of CNS

Back 2

1. Spinal Cord

2. Brain

Front 3

Spinal Cord

Back 3

1. Central Canal (w/CSF) surrounded by Grey Matter

2. External white matter of myelinated fiber tracts

Front 4

Brain

Back 4

1. Extra areas of gray matter

2. Nuclei in cerebellum and cerebrum

3. Cortex (outermost strip) of cerebellum and cerebrum

Front 5

Ventricles

Back 5

1. Connected to each other and central canal of spinal cord

2. Lined by ependymal cells (b/c cavities contain CSF)

Front 6

Ventricles (Cont.)

Back 6

1. 2 C-shaped lateral ventricles in cerebral hemispheres

2. Third ventricle in the Diencephalon

3. Fourth ventricle on the hindbrain dorsal to the pons

Front 7

Hydrocephalus

Back 7

Buildup of CSF (from blockage) causing brain to swell

Hint 7

Babies less likely to die because of soft spots releasing pressure

Front 8

Cerebral Hemispheres Surface Markings

Back 8

1. Ridges (gyri)

2. Shallow grooves (sulci)

3. Deep grooves (fissure)

Front 9

Cerebral Hemispheres Lobes

Back 9

1. Frontal

2. Parietal

3. Temporal

4. Occipital

5. Insula (deep to temporal)

Front 10

Cerebral Hemispheres Surface Markings

Back 10

1. Central Sulcus (separates frontal and Parietal lobes)

2. Longitudinal fissure (separates hemispheres)

3. Transverse Cerebral fissure (separates cerebrum and cerebellum)

4. Lateral fissure (separates temporal lobe from cerebrum)

Front 11

Cerebral Cortex

Back 11

1. Thin outer layer of Gray Matter

2. Site of conscious mind

3. Hemispheres connect to contralateral side of body (left brain controls right body)

Front 12

Functional Areas of Cerebral Cortex

Back 12

1. Motor areas (control voluntary movement)

2. Sensory areas (conscious awareness of sensation)

3. Association areas (interprets sensory info)

Front 13

Motor Areas

Back 13

1. Primary (somatic) motor cortex (cortex of precentral gyrus)

2. Premotor cortex (anterior to primary motor cortex)

3. Broca's area (facial muscles for speech)

4. Frontal eye field (eye movement)

Front 14

Motor Control

Back 14

1. Intention to contract muscle in Premotor area of frontal lobe

2. Primary motor area relays signals to spinal cord

3. Pyramidal cells (upper motor neurons) supply muscles of contralateral side

Front 15

Motor homunculus

Back 15

Proportional to number of muscle motor units in a region

Front 16

Language

Back 16

1. Wernicke's Area (recognition of spoken and written language and creates plan of speech

2. Broca's Area (generates signals to physical movements. Transmits to primary motor cortex for action

Front 17

Somesthetic Sensation

Back 17

1. Receptors for touch, pressure, stretch, temperature, and pain

2. Located in postcentral gyrus

Front 18

Damage to Regions of Cortex

Back 18

If you damage cortex, you lose function (can't hear). If you damage association area, you lose interpretation (can hear but can't interpret it)

Front 19

Special Senses

Back 19

1. Taste (lower end of postcentral gyrus)

2. Smell (medial temporal lobe/inferior frontal lobe)

3. Vision (Occipital lobe)

4. Hearing (superior temporal lobe)

5. Equilibrium (cerebellum)

Front 20

Sensory Association Areas

Back 20

1. Somesthetic association area (Parietal lobes) (position of limbs, location of touch or pain, shape/weight/texture of object)

Front 21

Sensory Association Areas (Cont.)

Back 21

1. Visual association area (Occipital)

2. Auditory associations area (temporal lobe) (recalling music)

Front 22

Cerebral White Matter

Back 22

1. Myelinated fibers and their tracts

2. Responsible for communication

Front 23

Cerebral White Matter (Cont.)

Back 23

1. Commisures (corpus callosum) (connect gray matter of 2 hemispheres)

2. Association fibers (connect different parts of same hemisphere)

3. Projection fibers (Corona radiata) (connect hemisphere to lower brain or spinal cord

Front 24

Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)

Back 24

1. Masses of gray matter deep to cortex

2. Consists of corpus striatum (caudate nucleus)

3. Lentiform nucleus (putamen and globus pallidus)

4. Works with substantia nigra (midbrain)

Front 25

Diencephalon

Back 25

1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

3. Epithalamus

Front 26

Thalamus

Back 26

1. 80% of Diencephalon

2. Connected by the interthalamic adhesion

3. Contains several nuclei

Front 27

Thalamic Function

Back 27

1. Gateway to cerebral cortex

2. Sorts and relay information

3. Maintains consciousness

Front 28

Hypothalamus

Back 28

1. Walls and floor of 3rd ventricle

2. Contains many nuclei

Front 29

Hypothalamic Function

Back 29

1. Autonomic control center for many functions

2. Center for emotional response

Front 30

Hypothalamic Function

Back 30

1. Regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst

2. Secretes hormones by pituitary

Front 31

Epithalamus

Back 31

1. Pineal gland

2. Responds to light. Darkness makes melatonin secretes from pineal gland

Front 32

Brain Stem

Back 32

1. Midbrain

2. Pons

3. Medulla Oblongata

Front 33

Brain Stem

Back 33

1. Controls automatic behaviors

2. 10 to 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Front 34

Midbrain

Back 34

1. Between diencephalon & pons

2. Vision & hearing

3. Substantia nigra (produce dopamine & helps regulate body movement

Front 35

Pons

Back 35

1. Connects higher brain centers and the spinal cord

2. Relays impulses between motor cortex and cerebellum

3. Nuclei that help maintain normal rhythm or breathing

Front 36

Medulla Oblongata

Back 36

1. Relays Sensory information from muscles and joints to cerebellum

2. Connects brain to spinal cord

Front 37

Medulla Oblongata (Cont.)

Back 37

1. Cardiovascular center

2. Vasomotor center (contract smooth muscle to maintain blood pressure)

3. Respiratory Center

Front 38

Medulla Oblongata (Cont.)

Back 38

Regulates

1. Vomiting

2. Hiccuping

3. Swallowing

4. Coughing

5. Sneezing

Front 39

The Cerebellum

Back 39

1. 11% of brain mass

2. About 40% of brains neurons

3. Precise timing and patterns of skeletal muscle contraction

Front 40

Vermis

Back 40

Two hemisphere of cerebellum connected by vermis

Front 41

Anatomy of Cerebellum

Back 41

1. Anterior and posterior lobes

2. Folia (transversely oriented gyri)

3. Arbor vitae (treelike pattern of white matter)

4. Cotex (gray matter)

Front 42

Cerebellar Processing

Back 42

1. Signals from proprioceptors and equilibrium pathways inform cerebellum of body's position and momentum

2. Cerebellar cortex finds best way to smoothly coordinate a muscle contraction