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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Process through which DNA is made into a protein.
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DNA --> transcription --> RNA --> translation --> protein synthesis
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The complete set of information carried by DNA is called...
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A genome
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Genomes of eukaryotes are divided into _________.
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chromosomes
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The amount of functional DNA in eukaryotic gene coding...
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2-4%
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The point of attachment for the mitotic spindle during mitosis...
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centromere
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Sequences that stabilize the ends of chromosomes are called...
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telomeres
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The difference between introns and entrons is this...
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Introns are NOT translated into amino acids
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What part of a gene is removed during RNA transcription?
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Introns
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Double helical DNA is right or left handed?
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Right-handed
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Where does protein synthesis occur in a cell?
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Cytoplasm
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rRNA is what?
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ribosomal RNA that carries out translation
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mRNA is...
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the template for protein synthesis that is carried from the DNA to the cellular protein machinery
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tRNA does this...
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Transfers specific amino acids from soluble amino acid pools to ribosomes & ensures proper alignment
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RNA
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single-stranded linear ribonucleic unique via amino acid sequence
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Linear polymers of repeating nucleotide sequences are...
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nucleic acids
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Each nucleotide consists of these three units...
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phosphoric acid, nitrogenous base & pentose sugar
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The pentose sugar in DNA is...
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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The parent bases of DNA are...
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Adenine, guanine, cytosine & thymine
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The parent bases of RNA are...
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Adenine, guanine, cytosine & uracil
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What kind of bond is formed between the nitrogenous bases and the pentose sugar?
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b-N-glycosidic bond
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What makes a nucleoside into a nucleotide?
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A phosphorylated hydroxyl group
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Nucleotides are (soluble/insoluble) in water?
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soluble
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Phosphorylation of the nucleotide (increases/decreases) aqueous solubility.
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Increases
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The site for electrostatic interaction is the...
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phosphate groups on the nucleotide
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Nucleic acids are linked together via ______. These are formed between these two structures on a nucleotide...
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phosphodiester bonds; phosphate & pentose sugar
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Phosphodiester bond links the ___ group of one residue to the ___ group of the next.
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5' hydroxyl group; 3" hydroxyl group
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Phosphodiester bonds are also considered these types of bonds in chemistry...
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covalent bonds
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This property of a nucleotide provides the molecule with unique chemical identity...
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Sequence of bases
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True or false: Circular nucleotides are common in humans?
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False...common in animals
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Which part/parts of the DNA structure is hydrophobic? Hydrophilic?
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Bases & phosphates are hydrophilic; pentose rings are hydrophobic
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Which is more stable in aqueous solutions, DNA or RNA?
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DNA, half life for hydrolysis of diester bonds is longer
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The name of the molecule that catalyzes phosphodiester scission...
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nuclease
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These nucleases cleave the last nucleotide residue at either end of a polynucleotide...
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Exonucleases
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This nuclease cleaves phosphodiester bonds located in the interior part of a polynucleotide.
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Endonucleases
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What kind of nuclease can cleave circular DNA?
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Endonucleases
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DNA strands are (parallel/antiparallel).
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Antiparallel
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These bonds exists between the two polynucleotide strands in DNA.
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Hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases
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Adenine base pairs with...
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thymine in DNA
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Guanine base pairs with...
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cytosine.
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What element stabilizes DNA at room temperature?
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Magnessium
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What bonds in DNA are variable in nature?
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Hydrogen bonds...hence how the DNA "breathes".
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In every molecule, structure defines function and sequence predetermines...
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the structure.
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Genomic DNA can be one of these three conformations...
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linear, circular or super helical
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DNA is circularized via this molecule..
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DNA ligase
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The most thermodynamically favored structure of DNA is...
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Circular DNA
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The formation of superhelical DNA is controlled by...
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topoiosmerases
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Toposiomerase 1
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creates a single-strand break in supercoiled DNA, results in relaxation of supercoiled DNA
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Toposiomerase 2
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breaks both strands simultaneously to generate two supercoiled loops of DNA
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Each human cell contains ___ meters of linearized DNA.
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2
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Chromatin
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DNA organization prior to metaphase
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Nucleosome is...
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DNA + histone
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RNA is a..
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blueprint for nucleotide sequencing
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Cellular RNA is what conformation?
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Linear & single stranded
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3 types of RNA
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tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
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Base pairs in RNA
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Adenine-Uracil; Guanine - Cytosine
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tRNA does this...
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recognizes nucleotide sequences on mRNA and ensures that the correct amino acid is incorporated into the growing peptide chain
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rRNA is the location for what activity?
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Protein synthesis
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mRNA 's purpose is to...
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carry genetic information from the genome to the ribosome (i.e. nucleus to cytoplasm)
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Mitochrondria has it's own...
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RNA
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Semiconservative replication
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duplication of the nucleotide sequence via a "template"; half of the parental DNA molecule is conserved in each new double helix, paired with a newly synthesized strand
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In DNA replication, nucleotides are added to the priming strand at what end, 3 or 5prime?
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3'
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Primers
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provide a free 3'-OH group to which the first deoxyribonucleotide can be added to covalently
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DNA polymerases
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Catalyze addition of nucleotides during replication
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DNA polymerases ensure accuracy in what two ways:
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initial selection of the proper nucleotide to add & enzymatic proofreading
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Helicase
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separates the parental strands at physiological temperature
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Single strand binding proteins do what...
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stabilize the single strands of DNA as they are being replicated
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ORI site
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AT rich region where the replication fork initially separates on the parental strands
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Which strand is the leading strand, the 3' or 5' strand?
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3'
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Which strand is the lagging strand, the 3' or 5' strand?
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5'
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The lagging strand has these different features of DNA replication: (4)
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No DNA Polymerases; Okazaki fragments; discontiuous synthesis; each fragment needs its own primer
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Ligation
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the sealing of a nick formed from lagging strand DNA replication
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What enzyme ligates?
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DNA ligase
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DNA ligase requires what...
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ATP or NAD+
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Two types of excision repair:
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Base excision repair: single damaged base removed and replaced; Nucleotide excision repair: damage base AND surrounding nucleotides are excised and resynthesized
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