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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the word used to describe a one-trait cross? Two-trait cross?
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(monohybrid, dihybrid)
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A foreign protein on a cell's surface Is known as an . An Immune system cell can respond to a foreign protein by producing .
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(Antigen, Antibodies)
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A person with type 0 blood has a baby With a person who has type AB. What are the possible blood types of their Offspring?
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(A and B)
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What does it mean if a trait is said to be polygenic? (an example is the shape of your nose)
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(Polygenic)
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According to the Lac-Operon model, when does lactase get synthesized or made in a bacterial cell?
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(when the bacterium consumes lactose)
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What is the process of making eggs called? Making sperm?
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(oogenesis, spermatogene-sis)
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Genes A and B recombine 50% of the time. Genes A and C recombine 10% of the time. What is the order of the genes?
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(ACB or BCA)
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What are the two sites on a ribo-some called that bond to existing And incoming amino acids?
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(P site and A site)
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Describe the contributions of Jacob and Manod in 1961.
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(They described the Lac-Operon model in prokaryotes)
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What is one major difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?
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(No interphase during meiosis II and no pair of homo-logous chrom's or crossing over during Prophase II)
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2N refers to an organism's Number and N refers to its Number.
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(Diploid, haploid)
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Name the 4 molecules that are modified into DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.
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(dGTP, dATP, dCTP, dTTP)
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In which direction does DNA polymerase read the DNA strand? In which direction are the new DNA strands synthesized?
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(3' to 5' and 5' to 3')
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List three ways that mRNA is "processed" before leaving the nucleus in eukaryotes.
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(Introns spliced out, GTP cap added, Poly-A tail added)
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What is translation?
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(When the mRNA is translated 3 bases at a time by the ribo-some to an amino acid sequence)
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List the 3 stages that occur for both trans-cription and translation
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(Initiation, Elongation, termination)
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Which enzyme unwinds the DNA Molecule during replication? Which Enzyme fuses Okazaki fragments?
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(Helicase, Ligase)
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What are the fragments of DNA called that occur on the lagging strand during replication that are eventually fused together?
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(Okazaki Fragments)
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What is transcription?
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(When RNA Polymerase copies a segment of DNA — only one side of the DNA)
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On which strand of DNA are Okazaki fragments found during replication?
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(lagging strand)
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Which part of a DNA sequence does RNA polymerase always bind to?
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(Promotor Region)
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What is wrong genetically with someone Who has Down Syndrome?
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(They have an extra 21' chromosome)
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Which two molecules make up a Ribosome?
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(protein and rRNA)
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What is the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell?
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(Haploid: 1 set of chromosomes, Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes)
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Which protein (needed for cell division) is specifically made during the G2 phase of the cell cycle (just before the cell divides)?
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(spindle fibers)
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List 4 events that occur during Prophase of mitosis.
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(Chrom's become visible, nuclear envelope disappears, centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell, spindle fibers form)
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What is a sister chromatid?
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(one side of a duplicated chromosome)
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What is wrong genetically with someone who has Turner's Syndrome?
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(they lack an X chromosome — so their genotype is XO)
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What happens during Interphase and metaphase of mitosis?
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(Inter — chrom's duplicate and during Meta — chrom's line up in the center of the cell)
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What happens during Anaphase and Telophase of mitosis?
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(Ana- chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell; Telo- two new nuclei Form)
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List two events that occur during Prophase I of meiosis that do not occur during mitosis.
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(homologous chrom's Pair and they cross over)
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How many cells are produced from a single, diploid cell during meiosis? How do these cells compare to each other? How many chromosomes are in each Cell?
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(4, all unique, %the normal #)
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If a person that is type A (heterozygous) has a baby with a type 0 person. What are the possible blood types for their offspring?
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(A and 0)
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What is the name of Mendel's Law that states that homologous chromosomes assort independently of other homolo-gous chromosomes?
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(Law of Independent Assortment)
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Two parents who have brown eyes have a child with blue eyes. Which of Mendel's laws applies?
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(1. law — Law of Segregation)
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What is Wobble of the Anticodon?
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(when the r base in the mRNA codon can vary and the same amino acid is coded for. For example, UUU and UUC both code for the amino acid Phenylalanine)
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What is the mode of inheritance or Inheritance pattern for Sickle Cell Anemia?
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(Codominant)
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What is the name of Mendel's Law that states that alleles separate into sepa-rate sex cells and must recombine to produce recessive offspring?
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(Law of Segregation)
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Name 3 genetic disorders that are Caused by a recessive, autosomal mutation.
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(PKU, cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs)
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Two parents that have brown hair and can both roll their tongue have a baby with blonde hair and can roll its tongue. Which of Mendel's laws applies?
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(2" law — Law of Independent Assortment)
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Which two scientists used radio-Active labels to determine that viruses inject DNA into cells?
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(Hershey & Chase)
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Which two bases make up purines in DNA? Pyrimidines?
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(A & G are purines, C &T are pyrimidines)
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If you use a punnett square to determine the pattern of inheritance for two traits and you find that your predicted ratios are a lot Different than your actual ratios, this tells You that
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(genes are linked on the same chromosome)
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If a trait is found to appear more often in males vs. females, then that gene is most likely carried:
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(on the X chromosome)
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What is added to the front of an mRNA Molecule before it leaves the nucleus? What is added to the end?
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(GTP cap and Poly-A tail)
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Chargaff noticed that in every DNA Sample there was always the same amount Of Adenines and Thymines. What did he conclude?
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(A pairs with T)
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Name two molecules that are made in the nucleolus that have to do with Protein synthesis.
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(rRNA and protein)
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In the Lac Operon model, which region Of the chromosome does the repressor bind to? Which molecule is the inducer?
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(Operator, Lactose)
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If a DNA template reads AUC, what would mRNA read?
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(UAG)
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Why must tRNA be complimentary to mRNA?
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(because tRNA bonds tempor-arily to mRNA in the ribsome)
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If an organism's 2N (Diploid) number is 26, what is its haploid number?
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(13)
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Which enzyme adds RNA nucleotides to a growing mRNA strand?
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(RNA polymerase)
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If mRNA reads AUC, what would tRNA Read?
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(UAG)
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Which code is used to find the correct amino acid when using an amino acid chart?
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(mRNA)
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DNA replication results in ____ new DNA molecules that have _______ DNA codes or sequences.
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(2, identical)
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When would a cell need to replicate its
DNA? |
(Just before the cell divides)
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Which type of molecule carries a copy
of a gene (copied from DNA) to the ribosome? |
(mRNA)
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How many amino acids are available to
a cell? |
(20)
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Which enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to a growing DNA molecule?
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(DNA polymerase)
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Which type of life form did Hershey and chase label with radioactive sulfur and radioactive phosphorus?
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(Viruses)
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If a DNA segment reads ATGC, what
would the complimentary segment read? |
(TACG)
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Which organelle in the cell is responsible for making proteins or polypeptides?
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(Ribosomes)
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What is the function of tRNA?
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(Carries amino acids to the ribosome)
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List two differences between DNA
and RNA. |
(DNA double-stranded, RNA
single-stranded, different sugars, DNA has thymine, RNA has Uracil, DNA is permanent, mRNA is shorter and temporary) |
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The Lac Operon model represents the
regulation of 3 genes that code for which Enzyme? |
(Lactase)
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List the 6 phases of cell division in order-
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(Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase, Wtokinesis) |
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List the 3 main parts of DNA.
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(Phospahate, sugar, base)
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What are the subunits in DNA called?
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(nucleotides)
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Which two types of organisms did Griffith
work with in 1928? |
(Mice and bacteria)
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On which molecule is an anticodon
Found? |
(tRNA)
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In which type of cell is the Lac Operon
Model found? |
(bacteria/prokaryote)
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Which part of an onion did we look
at to observe cells in Mitosis? |
(the root tip)
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What is the sugar in DNA called?
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(Deoxyribose)
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List the 4 types of nucleotides found
In DNA |
(Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine,
Thymine) |
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A person is Bb for brown eyes. What is their
genotype? Phenotype? |
(Geno=Bb, Pheno=Brown eyes)
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What does it mean if a trait is sex-linked?
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(Carried on the X chromosome)
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In humans, our diploid chromosome
number is . |
(46)
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What is the function of mRNA in Protein
synthesis? |
(carries a copy of DNA)
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On which molecule is a codon found?
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(mRNA)
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In humans, what is our haploid chromosome
Number? |
(23)
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What letters are used to represent the
Heterozygous, homozygous dominant, and Homozygous recessive genotypes? |
(Bb, BB, bb)
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Mitosis is the division of a diploid cell to
Make two new cells. Meiosis Is the division of a diploid cell to make 4 New cells- |
(Diploid, Gamete or
Haploid) |
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A segment of DNA that codes for a protein
Is known as a . |
(Gene)
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What is the function of tRNA in protein
Synthesis? |
(Carries amino acids to the
Ribosome) |