Cels 191 Lecture 2-4

Front 1

3 domains of classification

Back 1

Bacteria prokaryotes, archea prokaryotes, eukarya eukaryotes

Front 2

Eukarya kingdoms

Back 2

Plantae, fungi, animalia, protist

Front 3

Plant/animal and bacteria cell size

Back 3

P/A: 10-100 micro meters and B: 1-5 micrometers

Front 4

Why are cells limited by size range?

Back 4

Cells rely on diffusion. SA and volume are linked. if cell gets larger, the ratio decreases and diffusion is less efficient

Front 5

Parameters in Microscopy

Back 5

Magnification, resolution, contrast

Front 6

4 types of microscopy

Back 6

Light, electron, scanning electron, transmission electron

Front 7

Describe the Endosymbiont theory

Back 7

Mitochondria and chloroplasts can both produce proteins and enzymes. Eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryotic and became dependant on eachother

Front 8

Similarities between animal and plant cell

Back 8

Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, golgi

Front 9

Types of carbohydrates

Back 9

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides

Front 10

Name the different formations of polysaccharides

Back 10

Amylose, starch, glycogen, cellulose

Front 11

What are the 3 functions of carbohydrates

Back 11

Cell recognition, energy, structure

Front 12

What are the 3 functions of Lipids

Back 12

Structural, regulatuon of hormones, energy

Front 13

Define a cell

Back 13

A cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive. A collection of organelles in cytosol surrounded by a plasma membrane

Front 14

Name 2 structural lipids and where

Back 14

Phospholipds and cholesterol both in the cell membrane

Front 15

The structural carbohydrate found in plants

Back 15

Cellulose

Front 16

What are the 7 basic features of a prokaryotic cell?

Back 16

Capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm, ribosomes and flagella

Front 17

What are the functions of peptidoglycan

Back 17

Layer that provides strength to cell. Protects cells from osmotic lysis and confers shape

Front 18

The structure of peptidoglycan

Back 18

and NAM - N-acetylmuramic

Sugar chain: NAG - N-acetylglucosamine and NAM - N-acetylmuramicSide chains and cross bridges are amino acids

Side chains and cross bridges are amino acids

Front 19

Describe a gram positive bacteria cell wall

Back 19

Thick peptidoglycan layer 20-80 nm

One plasma membrane

Front 20

Describe a gram negative bacteria cell wall

Back 20

Thin peptidoglycan layer 5-10 nm

Inner and outer membrane

Front 21

What are the colours of gram positive and gram negative and why?

Back 21

Postive- purple as dye is trapped in peptidoglycan

Negative- pink as dye rinses out

Front 22

3 unique structures only found in prokaryotes

Back 22

Flagella, fimbriae/pilli, capsule/slime layer

Front 23

The 3 Structure of flagella

Back 23

Long filament- extends into surrounding medium

Hook- curved section connecting filament to cell surface

Basal body- using RING structure to anchor flagellum

Front 24

How does a bacteria move

Back 24

Using Peritrichous (ccw and cw rotation) and temporal gradient

Front 25

What are the properties of fimbriae

Back 25

They are adhesive which is an inherited trait

Adhesins are used to bind to specific receptors on the surface of the cells

Fimbrins are protein subunits helically wound to form fibers

Front 26

What is glycocalyx? And the difference between capsule and and slime layer?

Back 26

Glycocalyx is a gelatinous polysaccharide and/or polypeptide outer covering.

Glycocalyx organised into a defined structure attached firmly to cell wall is CAPSULE

If disorganised without cell shape is SLIME LAYER

Front 27

4 Functions of Capsules

Back 27

Virulence factors- protection from phagocytosis

Allows bacteria to adhere to cell surfaces

Source of nutrients

Prevents desiccation

Front 28

What are bacterial endospores

Back 28

Highly differentiated cells resistant to heat and harsh chemicals at dormant stage. Formed during unfavourable conditions and germinates under favourable conditions

Front 29

Properties of spores

Back 29

Heat and radiation resistant

Low water content 10-25%

High in Ca2+ and dipicolinic acid

Low metobolic activity/dormant

Front 30

What does lipids are heterogenous mean

Back 30

They are diverse, different shapes and types

Front 31

Types of lipids

Back 31

Triacyglycerols (fats)

Steroids (sterol)

Phospholipids

Fat soluble vitamins

Front 32

Ratio to millimeter to micrometers (um)

Back 32

1:1000

Front 33

Ratio between micrometers (um) to nanometer (nm)

Back 33

1:1000

Front 34

How is light microscopy limited

Back 34

Limtied by resolution

Front 35

How is contrast enhanced

Back 35

By staining

Front 36

How is light microscopy enhanced

Back 36

Has a magnification of 1000x. Enhanced by staining and imaging techniques

Front 37

What is electron microscopy

Back 37

Focus on electrons rather than light. Resolution inversely proportional to wavelength: resolution is increased by shorter wavelengths

Front 38

What is scanning electron microscopy

Back 38

Surface is scanned in a thin film of gold. This generated 3d grey images

Front 39

What do prokaryotes not have

Back 39

They dont have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

Front 40

Carbohydrates normal function in animal cells

Back 40

Energy-storage molecules

Front 41

Smallest infectious pathogen known

Back 41

Viroids

Front 42

3 examples of monosaccharides

Back 42

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Front 43

3 examples of dissaccharides

Back 43

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Front 44

What is Transmission electron microscopy

Back 44

Used to examine internal cell structure using electron beams. Electron magnets used to focus electrons