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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 types of cells:
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neurons & glia
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what do neurons do?
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"Signaling cells
- Transfer of information - Networks" |
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what are glia?
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"Support cells
- Maintain environment for neurons - Allow neurons to signal - Receive signals from and transmit signals to neurons " |
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what are the 4 morhological compartments of neurons?
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"soma
dendrities axon axon terminal" |
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what is included in / function of the soma?
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" - Nucleus – genetic machinery
- Protein synthesis/packaging" |
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what is included in / function of the dendrites?
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" - Apical/basal
- Dendritic spines - Receive synaptic inputs " |
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what is included in / function of the axon?
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" - Single axon
- Multiple branches (collaterals) - Axon hillock - Long projections (int/extrinsic" |
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what is included in / function of the axon terminal?
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" - Synapse location
- Presynaptic " |
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what recieves synaptic inputs?
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dendrites
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where is the axon hillock located
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axon
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where is genetic machinery located
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soma, in the nucleus
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where is protein synthesis / packaging located
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soma
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where is the synaptic location?
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axon terminal
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"what is neuron polarity?
Def" |
directionality of flow of information
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what is the neuron polarity wrt axon, soma, terminal & dendrites?
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dendrites - soma - axon - terminal
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is the neuron polarity absolute?
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no, it is relative to a given synapse
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what type of synaptic inputs do dendrites have?
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excitatory and inhibitory
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what type of signal transmission do dentdrites have?
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passive transmission of signal
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Where is the AP generated
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axon hillock
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where does information from the axon terminal go?
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postsynaptic cell via synaptic transmission
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does backpropagation of signals happen?
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yes, it is the exception to the rule.
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how does backpropagation of signals work with dendrites?
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"active signal conductance in dendrites
Retrograde transmission via dendritic transmitters" |
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define morphology
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cellular shape
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types of dendrite morphologies
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unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, and multipolar
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morphology reflects ________
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"Morphology reflects function
-Structure-function relationship Multipolar has multiple inputs - high surface area Bipolar - limited inputs - low surface area " |
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glia, classic def
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glue = for holds neurons together
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2 classses of glia
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"microglia
macroglia" |
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what are microglia? What are their function?
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"– from macrophages,
phagocytic role, debridement, scar formation " |
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What are the 4 types of macroglia
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"radial glia
oligodendrocytes schwann cells astrocytes" |
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what is the function of radial glia?
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present during development, path for migrating neurons
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what are the functions of oligodendrocytes?
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"myelin formation in CNS : insulation, increase conductance velocity -
One oligodendrocyte ensheathes several axons (white matter) " |
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how many oligodendrocytes can ensheath axons
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One oligodendrocyte ensheathes several axons (white matter)
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what are astrocytes? What are their function?
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"“star” glia – buffer extracell ions, neurotransmitters; crosstalk with neurons
- Elimination of ions, elimination/recycling of transmitters (transport) - Neuronal crosstalk with “gliotransmitters” (e.g., ATP) " |
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which type of glia elimates ions & recylces NT?
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astrocytes
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which type of glia has neuronal crosstalk with gliotransmitters (like ATP)?
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astrocytes
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what is the function of Schawann cell glia?
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"– myelin formation in PNS: insulation, increase conductance, promote neural regeneration following injury (growth factors)
" |
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the difference bw oligodendroctyes and Schawnn cells?
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"Oligodendrocytes in the CNS
- ensheathing of segments of multiple axons Schwann cells in the PNS - ensheathing of a segment of a single axon (e.g., motor neuron) " |
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what is the role of astrocytes wrt NT clearance?
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"Uptake of neurotransmitters from extracellular space
Uptake of ions from extracellular space Diffusion barrier" |
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Input component of signal transformation
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"Input Component:
- Dendrites/soma - Receptor/synaptic potential - PASSIVE – graded, decremental - Mechanical/chem - electric " |
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Integrated component of signal transformation
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"Integrative Component:
- Axon initial segment (axon hillock) - Action potential generation - ACTIVE signal - All or none, not graded - coded in no. and frequency - Threshold – trigger level" |
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Conductile Component of signal transformation
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"Axon – action potential conduction to axon terminal, all or none conduction
" |
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Output Component of signal transformation
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Neurotransmitter release, AP no. + freq. converted to quantity of transmitter
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the more AP are fired - the more ________
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the more AP are fired - the more NT are released
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"what is transformation of the signals?
Example" |
"transduction
Mechanical - Passive Electrical- Active Electrical - Chemical" |
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what is a Monosynaptic circuit
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"reflex excitation
extensor contraction " |
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what is a Disynaptic circuit
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"reflex inhibition
flexor relaxation " |
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what is an ascending circuit?
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" polysynaptic
cognition " |
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Nearly all neurons have the same _______ organization, despite widely variable morphologies and function
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"Nearly all neurons have the same functional organization, despite widely variable morphologies and functions:
(input, trigger, conductile, output) - Sensory, motor, neuroendocrine, interneuron, projection neuron - Excitatory inhibitory, inhibitory neuron " |
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protein sythensis involves these:
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"nucleus
rough endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus" |
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protein trafficking is used for what?
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"axonal transport
- stuctural proteins" |
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Gene expression - Transcription
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"mRNA formation from DNA template – mRNA transcript
Trafficking from nucleus to cytoplasm (via tRNA and nuclear pores) " |
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Gene expression - Translation
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"Protein synthesis
-Amino acid assembly -Ribosomes “free” or associated w/rough endoplasmic reticulum --Translate information coded in mRNA --Cytosolic vs. membrane-associated proteins " |
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3 classes of proteins
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"cytosolic proteins
nuclear and mitrochondrial proteins membrane-associated proteins(3 types)" |
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what are cytosolic proteins?
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" - Synthesized by free ribosomes
2 types: Fibrillar proteins- cytoskeleton Enzymes – metabollic triggers " |
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what are nuclear and mitrochondrial proteins?
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"“Translocation” to nucleus/mitochondria
- e.g., transcription factors " |
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what are membrane-associated proteins (3 types)
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" 1. Proteins attached to membrane:
- Integral – embedded in membrane – “amphipathic” - Peripheral – bound to integral proteins 2. ER proteins 3. Proteins associated w/vesicles, lysosomes - secretory products, enzymes " |
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difference between the 2 types of proteins attached to the membrane
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"Integral – amphipathic, embedded in lipophilic membrane
Peripheral proteins – associated with integral proteins " |
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what is the role of the golgi apparatus?
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"Protein processing and packaging
- Protein glycosylation - Vesicle formation – lysosomes, secretory vesicles " |
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"Axonal/dendritic projections
- _______ distances - ________ transport mechanisms " |
"Axonal/dendritic projections
- Large distances - Protein transport mechanisms " |
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what are the 3 types of fibillar proteins in the cytoskeleton
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"Microtubules
neurofilaments microfilaments" |
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what is the protein in microtubules?
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tubulin
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what is the protein family in neurofilaments?
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cytokeratins
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what is the protein in microfilaments?
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actin
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3 types of axon transport
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"Fast anterograde axonal transport
Retrograde axonal transport Slow axoplasmic flow (anterograde) " |
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what is fast anterograde axon transport?
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" - Synaptic vesicles/secretory granules
- ATP-dependent (i.e., active transport) - Microtubules, ~400 mm/day - Kinesin = motor protein " |
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what motor protein is associated with fast anterograde axon transport?
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kinesin
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"axon transport - ~ 400 mm/day
fast anterograde or slow axoplasmic flow" |
fast
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which form aof axon transport is ATP-dependant?
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Fast anterograde axonal transport
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what is retrograde axonal transport?
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" - Degradation/recycling of proteins
- Microtubules, ½-2/3 speed (i.e., fast) - Dynein = motor protein - e.g., Herpes virus " |
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what motor protein is associated with retrograde anterograde axon transport?
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dynein (herpes virus)
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what is Slow axoplasmic flow (anterograde)?
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" - Cytosolic proteins (enzymes, cytoskeleton)
- 0.2 – 0.5 mm/day " |
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describe exocytosis
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"Vesicle fusion to plasma membrane
- secretion of proteins in vesicle lumen into the extracellular space - Chemical transmission - insertion of vesicle membrane proteins into plasma membrane - New membrane proteins (e.g., receptors) " |
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describe cellular energy
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"Cell Respiration – ATP production
- ATP – Cellular energy source - Phosphorylation of proteins (kinase activity) - Dephosphorylation (phosphatase activity) " |
