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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 basic types of metabolism in human cells?
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"aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation
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Why does metabolism in human cells occur in sequential steps?
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So that ATP can be produced with a minimal amount of energy lost to heat.
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What does arerobic cellular respiration explain?
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Why humans exhale CO2 and where it occurs
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How many components does aerobic cellular respiration have?
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4: glycolysis, transition reaction, Krebs cycle, and the respiratory chain
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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Within the cytoplasm of human cells.
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What is produced at the end of glycolysis? And how will it be further utilized?
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Pyruvic acid in aerobic respiration if oxygen is present or in fermentation if oxygen is absent
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What is between glycolysis and the next major metabolic pathway?
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A transition reaction
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Where does the transition reaction take place?
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Within the matrix of the mitochondria
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What is the 2 carbon fragment that happens in the transition reaction called when carbon pyruvidc acid is converted into it?
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acetyl group
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What does the Krebs cycle begin with and what does it break them down to?
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Acetyl groups to gaseous CO2
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The Krebs cycle generates how many ATP?
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2
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What is taken to the respiratory chain in the krebs cycle? What takes these things?
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Hydrogen atoms, removed by the enzyme dehydrogenase and taken and taken by coenzymes (such as NAD) to the "respiratory chain"
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What are the primary substrate for the Krebs cycle?
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breakdown products of glucose (acetyl groups)
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What happens if insufficient carbohydrate is available to use in the Kreb's cycle?
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It is possible to convert fat and proteins into acetyl gropus to use as substrates for the Krebs cycle.
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CV: What is an EEG, what does it do?
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electroencephalogrpahy, measures brain waves
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CS: What did the Dr. diagnose John as having?
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Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)
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CS What is LHON? What happens if you have it?
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Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, genetic disease caused by a defective chromosome in mitochondria which contain one circular chromosome link
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CS Why couldn't John inherit the defective gene from his dad?
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father's sperm cells have only his DNA inside. Thy're too small to have other organelles. A mother's egg provides all of the mitochondria for the embryo which contain the defective gene.
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CS: What is the result of LHON?
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Blindness
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What are 2 other names for the respiratory chain?
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electron transport chain or cytochrome chain
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What are 2 other names for the cytochrome chain?
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electron transport or the respiratory chain
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Where does the respiratory chain take place?
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Within the cristae of mitochondria.
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Why do e- often travel with H+ ions in the respiratory chain?
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To help balance the charge
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When does NADH drop off the hydrogen atoms? What does the NAD do after it drops off the H+?
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At the beginning of the respiratory chain, it is free to pick up additional hydrogen atoms in glycolysis or the Krebs cycle
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What is the respiratroy chain made up? What do these things do?
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A series of enzymes called cytochromes. They receive electrons and Hydrogen ions, pass them through a series of reactions, and then finally bind the hydrogen atoms with oxygen (1/2 O2+H2---->H20)
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What are 3 functions of the respiratory chain?
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Make water,
release heat, and produce 32 ATP |
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one molecule of glucose generates how much ATP during aerobic cellular metabolism in humans?
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36 ATP
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What is the terminal hydrogen ion and electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
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Oxygen
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What are cytochromes?
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enzymes which receive electrons and hydrogen ions, pass them through a series of reactions, and then finally bind the hydrogen atoms with oxygen.
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What receives electrons and hydrogen ions, pass them through a series of reactions, and then finally bind the hydrogen atoms with oxygen?
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Cytochromes.
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Where is MOST ATP produced? How?
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Certain molecules of the electron transport chain pump the hydrogen ions left behind in the matrix across the inner membrane in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. When these hydrogen ions flow down their concentration gradient through a channel protein, an associated ATP synthetase" enzyme forms ATP
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Why does cyanide kill instantly?
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It chemically binds and inactivates the terminal cytochrome and changes its shape and permanently shuts it down. It poisons the e- transport chain, so NO ATP can be generated.
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