Cellular Respiration

Front 1

Define Energy

Back 1

The capacity to do work

Front 2

In living cells, where is energy stored?

Back 2

Chemical Bonds

Front 3

In living cells, energy is released only when...?

Back 3

The bonds are broken

Front 4

What two molecules were mentioned in the notes as having lots of energy stored in their bonds?

Back 4

Starch and glucose

Front 5

Which chemical reaction causes larger molecules to be broken down into smaller ones?

Back 5

Catabolic

Front 6

The prefix cata- means...

Back 6

Down

Front 7

These types of reactions from #8 are done with the help of what kinds of molecular catalysts?

Back 7

Enzymes

Front 8

Which chemical reaction builds smaller molecules into larger ones that are specific to that cell's needs.

Back 8

Anabolic

Front 9

What is the sum of all the catabolic and anabolic processes that occur in a living organism?

Back 9

Metabolism

Front 10

Fill in the dot dot dot.

As a model, the metabolic pathway for the... of... is well known, and produced the majority of the ATP a cell needs to survive. This process is known as...

Back 10

1. Break down

2. Glucose

3. Cellular Respiration

Front 11

What two elements are contained in the fuel that respiration and combustion utilize?

Back 11

Carbon and Hydrogen

Front 12

Respiration and combustion break down the fuel from #11 and combine it with what?

Back 12

oxygen

Front 13

Energy is in what two forms during combustion?

Back 13

Heat and light

Front 14

Energy is in what two forms during respiration?

Back 14

Heat and ATP

Front 15

What are the molecular products of both respiration and combustion?

Back 15

CO2 and H2O

Front 16

Large molecules can be harvested of their energy by moving which subatomic particles?

Back 16

Electons

Front 17

As (#16) are moved, they carry energy with them which is stored in what? and released as what? or harvested to make what?

Back 17

1. Another bond

2. Heat

3. ATP

Front 18

ATP stands for what?

Back 18

Adenosine Triphosphate

Front 19

What molecule is removed to make ATP into ADP?

Back 19

Phosphate

Front 20

How can an ADP be recycled back into ATP?

Back 20

If a phosphorus atom is added by either substrate level phosphorylation and/or oxidative phosphorylation

Front 21

When electrons are moved, they are moved as a part of what?

Back 21

Hydrogen

Front 22

Electrons have what kind of energy? Which can be used in cells as a part of what process

Back 22

1. Potential

2. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 23

List all that happens when a molecule is oxidized.

Back 23

1. Adding oxygen

2. loosing hydrogen

3. loosing electrons

4. loss of energy

5. exergonic

Front 24

List all that happens when a molecule is reduced.

Back 24

1. Loosing oxygen

2. Adding hydrogen

3. Gaining electrons

4. Stores energy

5. Endergonic

Front 25

The two processes, oxidation and reduction, happen together and are known as what type of reactions?

Back 25

Redox Reactions

Front 26

When glucose is fully oxidized what is formed?

Back 26

CO2

Front 27

Which element is reduced when glucose is oxidized? It is also one of the most electronegative elements that is great at drawing electrons to itself.

Back 27

Oxygen

Front 28

When oxygen is fully reduced what is formed?

Back 28

H2O

Front 29

What are the two electron carriers?

Back 29

NAD+ and FAD+2

Front 30

What were the electron carries compared too in the notes? Why?

Back 30

They were compared to a piggy bank because they are able to collect electrons (and their accompanying proton) and temporarily store them.

Front 31

What are the reduced states of the electron carriers?

Back 31

NADH and FADH2

Front 32

What are the four steps/processes of cellular respiration?

Back 32

1. Glycolysis

2. Pyruvate Oxidation

3. Krebs Cycle

4. Electron Transport Chain

Front 33

Where are the enzymes that are involved in anaerobic respiration located?

Back 33

Cytosol

Front 34

What does glycolysis mean?

Back 34

Sugar-splitting

Front 35

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

Back 35

Mitochondria

Front 36

Which type of respiration involves the use of oxygen? What is the oxygen used for?

Back 36

1. aerobic

2. It is used as a final electron acceptor

Front 37

In short, what is the goal of substrate-level phosphorylation?

Back 37

A phosphate group is removed from one molecule and then transferred to ADP in order to generate a new ATP.

Front 38

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

Back 38

To make ATP

Front 39

What enzyme complex actually makes the ATP?

Back 39

ATP Synthase

Front 40

Where is this complex located?

Back 40

It is embedded within the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Front 41

Briefly explain how the enzyme complex works.

Back 41

When hydrogen ions flow through it, they cause changes in the shape of the enzyme (called a conformational change) that attaches a phosphate to ADP, generating ATP.

Front 42

During glycolysis glucose is split into what? How many carbons does glucose and these new sugars have?

Back 42

Two pyruvate; glucose: 6 and pyruvate: 3

Front 43

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

Back 43

2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Front 44

In the last steps of glycolysis, ATP are made by what process?

Back 44

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 45

Explain the process from #44 briefly. How many times does this happen?

Back 45

An enzyme called kinase transfers phosphate from a sugar called PEP to ADP. This happens 2 times.

Front 46

During glycolysis, NAD+ is what? To form what?

Back 46

reduced to form NADH

Front 47

What process is used for dropping off a H to regenerate NAD+? Is oxygen present?

Back 47

Anaerobic- oxygen is not present

Front 48

What happens if oxygen is available?

Back 48

The H in NADH is donated to oxygen to form water. This will free up NAD+ to be able to go back to glycolysis and shuttle more hydrogen.

Front 49

If an NADH drops off its hydrogen on to pyruvate, pyruvate converts to what?

Back 49

Lactate (lactic acid)

Front 50

Because of what happened in #49 what process occurs in muscle cells that have been used to their limit (used up all the available oxygen)?

Back 50

Fermintation

Front 51

The build up of what in muscle cells causes pain?

Back 51

Lactic acid

Front 52

How many carbons does #51 have?

Back 52

2

Front 53

#51 can be converted back to pyruvate by the return of what?

Back 53

oxygen

Front 54

Which organisms use a different enzyme to accept the hydrogen from NADH?

Back 54

yeast and bacteria

Front 55

Pyruvate gets converted to what in these organisms? Carbons?

Back 55

ethanol (2 carbons)

Front 56

What are the parts of a mitochondria?

Back 56

1. Double membrane

2. Smooth outer membrane

3. Folded inner membrane that creates a..

4. Cristae

5. Matrix

Front 57

What is housed in the matrix?

Back 57

DNA and ribosomes

Front 58

Why is there #57 housed in the mitochondria?

Back 58

They allow protein synthesis to generate all the enzymes needed in cellular respiration

Front 59

Each pyruvate is oxidized to form what?

Back 59

Acetyl CoA and CO2

Front 60

What is the net yield of the oxidation of pyruvate?

Back 60

2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH

Front 61

What does Acetyl CoA pass through during the Krebs cycle and what is it converted to?

Back 61

It passes through a 4-C enzyme and is converted to citrate.

Front 62

During the Krebs cycle what is removed and oxidized and what does it form?

Back 62

Carbon; CO2

Front 63

What is the Net yield of Krebs per glucose?

Back 63

6 CO2, 2 ATP (by substrate-level phosphorylation), 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2

Front 64

In order for ATP synthase to work what must be established?

Back 64

A H+ gradient

Front 65

Where must this gradient be established?

Back 65

In the intermembrane space of the mitochondria

Front 66

The Electron transport Chain operates only when what is available?

Back 66

Oxygen

Front 67

The ETC generates about how many ATP?

Back 67

36-40

Front 68

What is the process of making ATP using ATP synthase called? Why?

Back 68

Oxidative Phosphorylation because the electrons are drawn through the enzyme of ETC by oxygen