Cellular Respiration

Front 1

Photosynthesis: Summary equation

Back 1

CO2 + H20 --> C6 H12 O6

Front 2

End result of photosynthesis?
Preformed by?

Back 2

Glucose
Autotrophs (plants)

Front 3

Respiration: Summary Equation

Back 3

C6 H12 O6 + O2--> CO2 + H2O

Front 4

end result of respiration?
preformed by?

Back 4

create/recycle ATP
Auto's and Hetero's

Front 5

What is cellular respiration ?

Back 5

breaking apart of glucose

Front 6

Tell me about the energy inside the glucose

Back 6

the energy in glucose is waiting to break out, and that energy is used to put the P's back on the A (for ATP)

Front 7

What is stage 1 of C.R.?
Where does it take place?

Back 7

-Glycolysis
- Cytoplasm
- Anarobic (does not need O2)

Front 8

What is stage 2 of C.R.?
Where does it take place?

Back 8

- Krebs and Citric acid cycle
- Mitochondrian
- Aerobic (needs O2)

Front 9

What is stage 3 of C.R.?
Where does it take place?

Back 9

- Electron transport
- reuires O2 DIRECTLY

Front 10

Describe stage 1 (think banana split)

Back 10

Glycolisis -
1. C6 H12 06 enters cytoplasm of the cell

2. Special enzyme breaks C6 H12 O6 in half

3. Then is becomes 2 (C3 H6 O3) - pyruvic acid/ pyruvate

4. Some energy is released - net gain 2 ATP/2 high energy electron molecule s

Front 11

what is 2 (C3 H6 O3) called ?

Back 11

pyruvic acid/ pyruvate

Front 12

Describe stage 2 (think breaking apart)

Back 12

1. Pyruvic acids move into mitochondrion

2. They get broken apart in successive stages, until it all that's left is...
- CO2's (recycled in auto's, expelled as waste in hetero's)
- H's
- Electrons (goes to transport chain

Front 13

Describe the electron transport chain?

Back 13

1. Carries high energy electrons to the next stage

2. Needs 02 present

Front 14

where do plant and animal cells get the majority of their enegy? (which stage?)

Back 14

AEROBIC RESPIRATION IS THE METHOD BY WHICH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS GET THE MAJORITY OF THEIR ENERGY.

Front 15

what is glycolysis essentially?

Back 15

4. GLYCOLYSIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH GLUCOSE IS CONVERTED TO PYRUVIC ACID, AND SOME OF ITS ENERGY IS RELEASED.

Front 16

Electron transport chain

Back 16

carries "high energy electrons" to the next stage

Front 17

The 2 special electron carrier molecules

Back 17

NAD and FAD

Front 18

Describe the basic idea of electron transport chain

Back 18

electrons from KC are picked up by special electron carrier molecules

Front 19

ETC steps

Back 19

1. series of special proteins (cytochromes) embedded in (mitochondria's interior membrane)

2. the electrons get passed from cytochrome to cytochrome (releasing energy as it goes)

3. when the electron arrives at last protein in ETC it gets picked up by O2 (O2's ONLY FUNCTION in organism)

4. Once the O2's pick up the electron it forms 2 (H20 ) with the H's from the krep cycle

Front 20

How many ATPs are left after
glycolisis?
krebs cycle?
ETC?

Back 20

2
2
32

Front 21

Diffusion

Back 21

tightly packed molecules in high concentrated areas --> escape to the lower concntrated areas

(also gices off energy)

Front 22

Nutrient processing

Back 22

A. Begins at the mouth - mechanical/ chemical digestion occurs

Front 23

Teeth are for ...?

Back 23

mechanical digestion (physially breaking lage food chunks into smaller chunks so that they can easily enter the d.s.

* DO NOT break polysaccharides into monosaccharides

Front 24

Incissors are for

Back 24

gripping/ ripping teeth

Front 25

canines are for

Back 25

gripping and puncturing (blood vessel, spinal chord) "food items"

Front 26

bicuspids/ premolars are for

Back 26

beginning the process of grinding/ pulverizing food item

Front 27

molars are for

Back 27

finishing the grinding and pulverization of the food item --> whihch is reduced to a semi liquid paste

Front 28

carnassials are

Back 28

(found in carnivorous animals) -- meant to cut through RAW meat

Front 29

Saliva

Back 29

mostly H20 but has an enzyme

Front 30

describe the enzyme in saliva

Back 30

amylase or pyralin which breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharides

Front 31

Electron transport chain

Back 31

carries "high energy electrons" to the next stage

Front 32

The 2 special electron carrier molecules

Back 32

NAD and FAD

Front 33

Describe the basic idea of electron transport chain

Back 33

electrons from KC are picked up by special electron carrier molecules

Front 34

ETC steps

Back 34

1. series of special proteins (cytochromes) embedded in (mitochondria's interior membrane)

2. the electrons get passed from cytochrome to cytochrome (releasing energy as it goes)

3. when the electron arrives at last protein in ETC it gets picked up by O2 (O2's ONLY FUNCTION in organism)

4. Once the O2's pick up the electron it forms 2 (H20 ) with the H's from the krep cycle

Front 35

How many ATPs are left after
glycolisis?
krebs cycle?
ETC?

Back 35

2
2
32

Front 36

Diffusion

Back 36

tightly packed molecules in high concentrated areas --> escape to the lower concntrated areas

(also gices off energy)

Front 37

Nutrient processing

Back 37

A. Begins at the mouth - mechanical/ chemical digestion occurs

Front 38

Teeth are for ...?

Back 38

mechanical digestion (physially breaking lage food chunks into smaller chunks so that they can easily enter the d.s.

* DO NOT break polysaccharides into monosaccharides

Front 39

Incissors are for

Back 39

gripping/ ripping teeth

Front 40

canines are for

Back 40

gripping and puncturing (blood vessel, spinal chord) "food items"

Front 41

bicuspids/ premolars are for

Back 41

beginning the process of grinding/ pulverizing food item

Front 42

molars are for

Back 42

finishing the grinding and pulverization of the food item --> whihch is reduced to a semi liquid paste

Front 43

carnassials are

Back 43

(found in carnivorous animals) -- meant to cut through RAW meat

Front 44

Saliva

Back 44

mostly H20 but has an enzyme amylase (or pyralin)

Front 45

describe the enzyme in saliva

Back 45

amylase or pyralin which breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharides

Front 46

Esophagus

Back 46

semi-liquid glob of food enters the esophagus ( a long tube connecting mouth to stomach)

- glob moves through this tube through peristalisis (series of contractions)

Front 47

Stomach

Back 47

A bag surrounded by muscles, creates fluid:
1. Gastic juice: mostly H20 w/ HCl
2. Enzyme Pepsin: Enzyme that breaks down protein into single amino acids

- Acid breaks down protein, liquifying the rest of the food (liquified into Chyme)

Front 48

Small intestine

Back 48

Chyme enters the small intestine (20 foot long tube)

- the chyme mixes w/ bile (produced by liver, stored in gall bladder) --> breaks down fats

- - entire interior of S.I. is covered w/ little projections (villi)

- more surface area = more absorption

- inside each villus is a BLOOD vessel

- nutrient molecules diffuse into the blood vessels for the CHYME

- ENTRANCE of nutrients into blood = absporption (ONLY in small intestine)

Front 49

Polysaccharides are broken down in...

Proteins are broken down in...

Fats are broken down in...

Back 49

- mouth

- pepsin

- small inestine by bile

Front 50

Large intestin

Back 50

not 100% of nutrients take in is absorbed
- leftover enter the large intestine
- much of H20 in the chyme is re-absorbed
- the remaining solid waste (feces) pases through the rectum

Front 51

rectum

Back 51

last little sections of large intestine, and the feces exits through the anus